***Useful Information For The Working Sparky***

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“ Rcd's “

Fire detection circuits must be supplied independently of other circuits and not protected by an Rcd protecting multiple circuits. 560.7.1 All circuits in a bath shower room must be protected by a 30mA RCD. P166, 701.411.3.3
Where applicable an RCD notice must be fixed on or next to the CCU 514.12.2 An RCD should not be used as a main switch 314.2 If the maximum Zs values for a circuit in a TN systems cannot be met, the circuit may be protected by a 30mA RCD. 531.3.1
If the maximum Zs values for a TN systems cannot be met, the installation may be protected by an 100mA RCD and treated as a TT systems . 531.3.1 : 411.5.1 : 411.5.2 : 411.5.3
Unless specifically labelled or suitably identified, all 13A socket outlets must be protected by a 30mA Rcd. 411.3.3
In a TN systems , the part of a lighting circuit in a bath or shower room is required to be 30mA RCD protected. 411.3.3 , 701.411.3.3

Where a cable is buried in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50mm on either side it must be sufficiently mechanically protected against penetration OR RCD protected AND installed either horizontally within 150mm of the top of the wall or vertically within 150mm of the angle formed where two walls meet or run horizontally or vertically to an accessory, luminaire or CCU 522.6.6 , 522.6.7 . This applies to a cable in a partition constructed using metallic parts other than fixings irrespective of the cable depth. 522.6.8

Surface run cables do not require RCD protection. OSG p22

A single RCD protecting a TT systems must be installed at the origin of the installation unless the part of the system between the origin and the RCD fulfils the requirements for protection by Class 11 equipment or equivalent insulation 531.4.1

All Electrical equipment must be accessible for operation , inspection & testing maintenance and repair. 132.12

Rcd Test Procedure

Many RCD test meters have a facility where tests can be carried out during the positive or negative half of the supply cycle. For tests 1 & 2 the RCD operating time to be recorded is the longer of the two measured during the half cycle tests.

DO NOT press the test button on the RCD before testing as this can temporarily reset a faulty RCD

Test 1
Adjust the current setting on the test meter to 100% of the rated trip current of the RCD and perform a test. A general purpose BS4293 RCD should operate within 200mS . A general purpose BS-61008 RCD or RCBO to BS-61009 should operate within 300ms

Test 2
An RCD provided for Basic Protection should have a rated TRIP current not exceeding 30mA If the RCD is rated at 30mA , adjust the current setting on the test meter to 150ma ( x5 ) and perform a test. The RCD must operate in a time not exceeding 40mS.
Test 3
Adjust the current setting on the test meter to 50% of the RCD trip current and perform a test. The RCD should not operate within 2 seconds
The Test Button : Finally operate the RCD by pressing its test button

 

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17th EDITION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TESTING OF RCDs :

The 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671: 2008) will introduce a number of new requirements for the installation of
RCDs, therefore it is timely to look at the requirements within the17th Edition for verification of RCDs. The continuing effectiveness of these RCDs needs to be confirmed periodically. This article discusses the verification required where RCDs are
used to provide automatic disconnection of supply in the event of a fault and additional protection. It should be stated at this point that the 17th Edition does not introduce any significant changes in the requirements for the testing of RCDs even where they are installed to provide automatic disconnection in the event of a fault ,

Use of RCDs to achieve automatic disconnection in case of a fault :
411.3.2.1 requires (in most cases) that a protective device shall interrupt the supply to a line conductor of a circuit or equipment in the event of a fault of negligible impedance between said line conductor and an exposed conductive- part or a protective
conductor for the circuit or equipment within the appropriate required disconnection time. A disconnection time of 5 seconds
for distribution equipment and final circuits of rating exceeding 32A is permitted by 411.3.2.3. Similarly, a disconnection time of 1 second for distribution equipment and final circuits of rating exceeding 32 A is permitted by 411.3.2.4. : 411.3.2.2 states that the maximum disconnection times of Table 41.1 shall be applied to final circuits not exceeding 32 A. Table 41.1 gives the maximum
disconnection times for final circuits not exceeding 32 A of varying nominal voltages forming part of an
installation having either TN or TT system earthing. These disconnection times may be met by the use of fuses, circuit breakers (formerly known as MCBs) or RCDs. is used to meet the requirements of 411.3.2.2, that is, to provide the required disconnection time, the maximum values of earth fault loop impedance in Table 41.5 may be applied. The maximum permissible earth
fault loop impedances (Zs) to ensure RCD operation for non-time delayed RCDs protecting final circuits not
exceeding 32 A are given in Table 41.5, a new table introduced in the 17th Edition, which is reproduced below.
Where an RCD is employed to achieve the disconnection time required by Table 41.1, it is necessary to satisfy
ourselves that the maximum earth fault loop impedance (Zs) stated for a particular sensitivity of RCD in Table 41.5 is not exceeded in the circuit to which they provide protection. This is in effect the same procedure that we applied in earlier editions where fuses
or circuit breakers were used to achieve the necessary disconnection time and indeed continue to apply for fuses and circuit breakers in the 17th Edition. Regardless of which type of protective device is used to achieve the disconnection times required by Table
41.1, whether fuse, circuit breaker or RCD, there is no requirement to confirm that the required disconnection time can be achieved by testing the protective device. Rather, we confirm that the earth fault loop impedance of the protected circuit does not exceed the relevant tabulated maximum earth fault loop impedance for the type / sensitivity of the protective device intended to provide
the required disconnection time.

Maximum earth fault loop impedance (Zs) to ensure RCD operation in accordance with Regulation 411.5.3 for non-delayed RCDs to BS EN 61008-1 and BS EN 61009-1 for final circuits not exceeding 32 A

( 411.3.2.2 ) 230v
TN- Systems : The maximum disconnection time stated in table 41.1 shall be applied to final circuits Not-Exceeding 32Amp
( 411.3.2.3 )
TN- Systems : in a TN-system, a disconnection time Not exceeding 5sec is permitted for a distribution circuit and for a circuit Not covered by Regulation 411.3.2.2 ,
( the table you require TT-systems 41.5 p-50

Resistivity :

Double cable length – Double Conductor Resistance to 1.6 Ω, but halve insulation resistance to 50 MΩ
Halve . CSA – double conductor resistance to 1.6 MΩ, but insulation resistance is unaffected and remains 100 MΩ

Resistivity :
A twin cable has a Phase to Neutral résistance value of 100MΩ and an individual conductor résistance values of ( 0.8Ω )
Determine the values if the cable ….
(a) was double in length ,
(b) length as the same but the conductor cross-section areas was halved ,
Conductor Résistance
This is a function of the resistivity of the conductor material :
In other words , résistance is directly proportional to length and inversely proportional to area ,
So doubling length or halving the area will both double résistance , try it with some values ,

Let’s say the original length is 40m and the area is 2mm2 . The equation then , is :
0.8 = p x 40 ÷ 2 ( 0.8 x 2 ÷ 40 = 0.04 ( ignoring the units )
Double length : R = 0.04 x 80 ÷ 2 = 1.6Ω : / Halve area : R = 0.04 x 40 ÷ 1 = 1.6Ω
Beware the question that asks what happens if the diameter is varied , because is proportional to the diameter squared ,
Doubling diameter will increase the area by four times; halving the diameter will quarter the area ,
Insulation Résistance :
The Insulation between two conductors is considered to act as a ( Series of many high résistance in parallel )
Résistance ( because of the greater number of apparent parallel paths ) Taking the insulation résistance of the original length as R1 ,
Adding an identical extra length is like adding a second R1 in parallel , So :

…….... 1 ……..... 1
….. ─── = ─── so R1 = Rtotal = 100MΩ ( in the first instance )
……....Rtotal … R1

………………………. ……......... 1 ……..... 1……...... 1……...... 2
With double the length ….. ─── = ─── + ─── = ─── so new Rtotal = 50MΩ
…………………………......... Rtotal …... 100 ….... 100…...... 100

Changing the conductor CSA , should have no effect on the insulation résistance for the same value of voltage applied ,

Insulation Resistance Values
0.00 MΩ = dead short :
0.08 MΩ = low insulation resistance fault :
>200 MΩ = healthy circuit :

Notes: ensure all neon's are removed or isolated before commencing testing, as these will make test results appear low during insulation resistance testing.

Notes: Neon's will cause false readings, as will emergency or discharge lighting, so ensure these are all disconnected prior to commencing tests.

Prospective short circuit current (PSC) testing

The prospective short circuit or fault current at any point in an electrical installation is the current that would flow in the circuit if no circuit protection operated and a complete (very low impedance) short circuit occurred. The value of this fault current is determined by the supply voltage and the impedance of the path taken by the fault current. Measurement of PSC can be used to check that protective devices within the system will operate within safety limits and as per the safe design of the installation. PSC is normally measured between the phase and neutral at the DB or at a socket outlet.

 

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The 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671:2008) places much greater emphasis on the use of RCDs.
It is well-known that most circuits feeding 13A socket-outlets now require RCD protection but equally important are requirements for additional protection of wiring concealed in walls or partitions, which includes lighting circuits and their concealed switch wiring. This means that the vast majority of domestic circuits, power and lighting now require 30mA RCD protection :
There are also important requirements to minimise nuisance tripping and collateral risks due to a tripped RCD affecting other circuits, such as lighting.

Socket-outlets :
Rule 411.3.3 calls for additional protection by means of a 30mA RCD for all socket-outlets with a rated current not exceeding 20A for use by “ordinary persons”. The only exceptions allowed are for socket-outlets for use under the supervision of skilled or instructed persons (e.g. some commercial/industrial locations) or a specifically labelled socket provided for connection of a particular item of equipment (such as a freezer). :
This rule clearly covers the vast majority of domestic circuits feeding 13A socket-outlets, and any other socket-outlets (5A, 15A etc.) up to 20A. There is also a requirement for RCD protection of circuits feeding mobile equipment with a current rating up to 32A for use outdoors. :

Cables in walls or partitions
Rule 522.6.7 calls for RCD protection of wiring concealed in walls or partitions. All concealed wiring at a depth of less than 50mm now requires protection by a 30mA RCD unless it is provided with earthed mechanical protection, for example by metallic conduit or trunking. This applies to many lighting circuits and their switch wiring, including those installed in previously defined a “Safe Zones”. :

There is a further requirement for protection by means of a 30mA RCD where cables are concealed in walls constructed with metal stud partitions, irrespective of the depth from the surface, unless provided with protection in the form of earthed metallic covering, trunking, conduit or other mechanical protection so as to avoid damage to the cable during installation or construction of the wall. :
Special locations :

Rule 710.411.3.3 calls for RCD protection of all circuits in specific locations such as those containing a fixed bath or shower. This means that, in bathrooms or bedrooms with en-suite facilities, circuits feeding lighting, heating and showers must have RCD protection. :
Other “special installations and locations” as defined in Part 7 of the Regulations are also required to have RCD protection. These include swimming pools and saunas, agricultural premises, caravans and caravan sites, floor and ceiling heating systems. :

Sub-division of circuits :
Rules 314.1 and 2 require that every installation should be divided into circuits as necessary to avoid danger and minimise inconvenience in the event of a fault. Designers are required to reduce the possibility of unwanted RCD tripping due to excessive protective conductor currents but not due to an earth fault. :
Separate circuits may be required for parts of the installation which need to be separately controlled in such a way that they are not affected by the failure of other circuits. The appropriate subdivision should take account of any danger arising from the failure of a single circuit, for example an RCD trip causing the disconnection of an important lighting circuit. :

This affects the configuration of the protective devices in a consumer unit. For example if a number of circuits are protected by a common 30mA RCD, lighting circuits need to be spread over more than one RCD. :
Rules 314.1 & 2 also call upon the designer to take steps to reduce the likelihood of unwanted RCD tripping due to excessive protective conductor currents, other than earth faults. :
Typical situations would include IT equipment with certain types of radio frequency interference suppression, and certain types of heating equipment. The cumulative effect of such loads can produce a standing earth leakage current that is beyond the threshold point of a normal 30mA RCD. However this situation is becoming more common in residential environments. :

Earth loop impedance ( 2392-10 )
It should also be noted that Chapter 41 of the Regulations includes revised earth loop impedance tables based on a nominal voltage of 230V (Previously 240V). This results in slightly lower values of earth loop impedance and could, in some situations, mean that RCDs will be required to achieve the required disconnection time where previously overcurrent protection devices would be considered adequate. :

17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations :

Key Changes : RCD Protection to Socket Outlets ,

• Socket outlets rated not exceeding 20 A and intended for general use by ordinary persons must be protected with 30 mA RCDs(Residual Current Devices). This means that general purpose sockets in domestic and similar properties must have RCD protection. An exception can be made for socket outlets for specific purposes e.g. domestic freezer circuit, this socket should be suitably labelled or otherwise identified.
• External sockets rated not exceeding 32 A must also have 30 mA RCD protection.
Installation of cables – RCD Protection Requirements :
• Cables that are buried less than 50mm into a wall or partition and are not enclosed in earthed metallic covering or have mechanical protection capable of resisting nails or screws should be protected by a 30 mA RCD as well as being installed in the ‘safe zones’ as previously permitted.
• Similarly, irrespective of depth of cable, cables that are installed in metal framed walls require 30 mA RCD protection if not otherwise protected by earthed metallic covering. :

The above requirements do not apply to installations where the installation is intended to be under the supervision of a skilled or instructed person, such as in office buildings, large retail outlets and industrial premises. :

Bath/ Shower Rooms (containing a fixed bath or shower) :
• All circuits within a bathroom must have RCD (30mA) protection. Where this is provided and main equipotential bonding is used in the installation then supplementary equipotential bonding is not required.
• Bathrooms being modified or refurbished can either have their supplementary equipotential bonding extended or can be rewired with the installation of RCDs.
• Zone 3 has been removed
• 13A sockets in bathrooms are allowed providing they are installed at least 3m from the edge of the bath and protected by a 30mA RCD.
Under Floor Heating Systems :
Underfloor and ceiling heating systems are now covered as a special location/installation.
• A plan of the heating system shall be provided for each system (showing location, area, rating details, descriptions for use etc). A copy of the instructions for use should be fixed adjacent to the distribution board supplying the heating.
• Heating systems which do not have an exposed conductive covering or mesh must have installed on site a suitable exposed conductive part installed above the heating element . This could be in the form of an earthed metallic grid with spacing of not more than 30mm.
• A 30mA RCD must be used as the disconnection device.
• Heating systems of Class II (Double insulated) construction shall be provided with 30mA RCD protection.
•Floor heating systems in bathrooms the metal sheath, metal enclosure or fine mesh metallic grid should be connected to the protective conductor of the supply circuit.
Maximum Zs values
•There are new values based upon a nominal voltage of 230v and not 240v hence the values have been slightly reduced (i.e. 32A Type B - MCB was 1.50 now 1.44).
A new table has been provided giving the maximum values of earth fault loop impedance for RCDs.
Voltage Drop

•The new regulations now provide different voltage drop values for installation supplied from a public supply and private supply (i.e. Own generation). For a public supply the maximum values are 3% for lighting and 5% for other uses, for a private supply the maximum values are 6% for lighting & 8% for other uses.
Disconnection Times
•Final circuits not exceeding 32A shall have a maximum disconnection of 0.4 seconds for a TN-S or TN-C-S (PME) earthing arrangements.
•For TT systems the maximum disconnection time is 0.2 seconds, however a statement is included in the table (41.1) which states "Where disconnection is achieved by an overcurrent protective device, and the protective equipotential bonding, or main equipotential bonding, is correctly installed, the maximum disconnection times applicable to a TN system may be used."
New Sections on:

• 559 - Luminaries and Lighting
• 709 - Marinas and similar locations
• 711 - Exhibitions, Shows and Stands
• 712 - Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Supply Systems
• 717 - Mobile or Transportable Units
• 721 - Caravans and Motor Caravans
• 740 - Temporary Electrical Installations for Structures, Amusement Devices and Booths at Fairgrounds, Amusement Parks and Circuses

 

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17th Edition – ( this will help you with your 17th Chaps ,

Part 1: Scope, Object & Fundamental Principles ,

* (134.2.2 ) Designer of Installation responsible for specifying the interval to the first Periodic Inspection ,
* ( 135.1 ) Now makes a Positive Recommendation that every electrical Installation is subject to Periodic and Testing , in Accordance with Chapter 62 : p-162

Part 2 : Definitions ,
“ Competent Person “ ↔ p-22

Part 2 : Definitions , ↔ p-24
* Exposed Conductive part , A Conductive part of Equipment which can be touched and which is not live but which can
Become live when basic insulation fails , Example ( Metal Switch Plate , )
Part 2 : Definitions , ↔ p-24
• Extraneous-conductive parts , and its associated definition , remain unchanged :

************
* Line Conductor ( Replaces Phase Conductor Line is the Internationally used tem ) Do Not Confuse Line Conductor which can be a Neutral Conductor :

Chapter 41 : RCDs ,

* RCDs are now recognised as giving additional protection ( this term is now used instead of Supplementary Protection ) ←←←
* RCD now required for all general use socket-outlets rated up to 20A , allows for 2 Exceptions ←←←
(1) Socket-outlet used under supervision of skilled or instructed persons :
(2) Socket-outlet suitable identified for connection of particular item of equipment :
* To be recognised as giving additional protection The RCD must be rated at 30mA or Less and operate within 40mS
When tested at ( 5 x rated operating current )
Chapter 41 :
Revised Disconnection Times :
* TN-systems – 0.4 seconds ( Final Circuits up to 32Amp : ←←←
* TT-systems – 0.2 seconds ( Final Circuits up to 32Amp - Allows for 0.4s where all Protective bonding in place and
Disconnection is achieved by Overcurrent Device )
* Distribution circuits and circuits not covered by table 41.1 ( TN- = 5 seconds & TT = 1 second ,
* Supplementary bonding can be used were Disconnection Times can Not be Met . ←←←

Chapter 52 :
Selection & Erection of Wiring Systems :

* Chapter 52 now includes reference to Busbar Trunking systems and Powertrack systems :
* Max Value of Voltage Drop in Consumer’s Installations has Changed – Appendix 12 . p-358
Volt drop between origin and load terminals in LV system to be Less than ;
2392-10 ( Public Supply : Lighting 3% …….. Other Uses 5% ,
Private Supply : Lighting 6% …….. Other Uses 8% ,
( These Replace the Current 4% Requirement ) ←←←←←←←←

Chapter 55 :
Luminaires & Lighting ( 559 ) Regs
* Maximum circuit rating 16A for B15 , B22 , E14 , or E40 Lamp Holders ,
* Through wiring only permitted where light is designed for this ,
Chapter 55 :
Luminaires & Lighting ( 559 ) Regs
* 559 applies to selection & erection of luminaires & lighting installations fixed Installations and highway power supplies & street furniture ,
* Outdoor lighting includes : - Roads , Parks , Car-Parks , Gardens , Sporting Areas , Monuments , Floodlighting , Telephone Kiosks ,
Bus Shelters , Advertising Panels , Road Signs & Road Traffic Signals ,
• Excludes , Distributors Equipment & Temporary Festoon lighting ,

Part 6 :
* New part 6 Inspection & Testing Table 71A ↔ Now known as ( Table 61 p-158 )
-&- will ask you this one , ( 0.5MΩ SELV or PELV at 250 volts ) ←←←←

Chapter 62 :
Periodic Inspection & Testing
621.5 : Periodic Inspection & Testing shall be undertaken by a Skilled Person , Competent in such work ,
* Proof of Competence may be required ,

Section 701 : Bathrooms ,
* Section 7 Special Installations or Locations :
* Section 701 Locations, containing a bath or shower ,
* Zone ( 3 ) has been Removed : ←←←←←
* Suitable Equipment can be within 600mm of a bath ,
* Excluding 13amp Sockets to BS-1363 ( p-229 ) which must be 3 Meters from edge of bath or shower , -&- ,
* All circuits to be RCD Protected ,
* Supplementary bonding is NOT required – Provided any Required Protective Equipotential bonding has been installed ,

Part 7 :
Regulation ( 415.2 ) Supplementary Equipotential bonding : in relation to Section 701 , i.e. Locations Containing bath or Shower ←←:

Section 704 : Construction & Demolition Sites :
Section 705 : Agriculture & Horticulture :
• in both sections the reduced disconnection times of ↔ ( 0.2s ) ↔ and ↔ ( 25v ) ↔ Equation have been Removed : ←←←←

Section 708 : Caravan & Camping Parks :
* Sockets-Outlets must be provided individually with overcurrent and RCD protection for each pitch outlet : -&-
( Previously 1 RCD was allowed to protect not more than 3 pitch outlets ,

Tables 41.2, 41.3, 41.4

* If the measured Zs value exceeds 80% of the given values, a more precise measurement may have to be made to satisfy the requirements of BS-7671 . p361 :
* BS-7671 does not give maximum Zs values for BS 3871 mcb's. :
* If the maximum Zs value for a circuit in a TN- system cannot be met, the circuit may be protected by a 30ma RCD . 531.3.1
* If the maximum Ze value for a TN- system cannot be met, the installation may be protected by a 100ma RCD and treated as a TT- system. 531.3.1, 411.5.1, 411.5.2, 411.5.3 :

RCD :
the maximum disconnection time allowed for a RCD protected socket for a caravan/tent pitch :
Please refer to BS 7671:2008 Reg 708.553.1.13, this refers to Reg: 415.1.1, ( 30mA RCD 40mS at 5 x 30mA. )

17th Edition requirements for the testing of RCDs :

The 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671: 2008) will introduce a number of new requirements for the installation of RCDs, therefore it is timely to look at the requirements within the 17th Edition for verification of RCDs.
The continuing effectiveness of these RCDs needs to be confirmed periodically. This article discusses the verification required where RCDs are used to provide automatic disconnection of supply in the event of a fault and additional protection. It should be stated at this point that the 17th Edition does not introduce any significant changes in the requirements for the testing of RCDs even where they are installed to provide automatic disconnection in the event of a fault.
Use of RCDs to achieve automatic disconnection in case of a fault 411.3.2.1 requires (in most cases) that a protective device shall interrupt the supply to a line conductor of a circuit or equipment in the event of a fault of negligible impedance between said line conductor and an exposed conductive- part or a protective conductor for the circuit or equipment within the appropriate required disconnection time. A disconnection time of 5 seconds for distribution equipment and final circuits of rating exceeding 32A is permitted by 411.3.2.3. Similarly, a disconnection time of 1 second for distribution equipment and final circuits of rating exceeding 32 A is permitted by 411.3.2.4.

Does the 17th Edition require a new test for RCDs ?

The rumour seems to have originated from Note 2 of Table 41.1 of the 17th Edition, with gives maximum permitted disconnection times for final circuits rated at up to 32A. The note states that: ‘Where compliance with this regulation is provided by an RCD, the disconnection times in accordance with Table 41.1 relate to prospective residual fault currents significantly higher than the rated residual operating current of the RCD.
BS 7671: 2008 (IEE Wiring Regulations 17th Edition) was published in January and comes into effect on 1st July. A rumour has been circulating amongst electrical contractors that the 17th Edition requires RCDs to be subjected to a test at twice their rated residual operating current (2 x I∆n ). Is this the case ?


As explained in this article, the familiar currents of 0.5 x I∆n , 1 x I∆n, and 5 x I∆n, (as applicable) should be all that are needed when testing RCDs in the vast majority of installations, as is the case under the 16th Edition.

A 2 x I∆n, test would be needed only in exceptional circumstances. But, even where this is the case, it does not necessarily mean that an RCD test instrument having a 2 x I∆n, test setting is required.

The rumour seems to have originated from Note 2 of Table 41.1 of the 17th Edition, with gives maximum permitted disconnection times for final circuits rated at up to 32 A. The note states that: ‘Where compliance with this regulation is provided by an RCD, the disconnection times in accordance with Table 41.1 relate to prospective residual fault currents significantly higher than the rated residual operating current of the RCD (typically 2 x I∆n ).’ However, Note 2 does NOT mean that a 2 x I∆n test is required.

 

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-&- ( 2391-301 Inspection, Testing and Certification of Electrical : Installations report – ( -&- March 2009 :

It would appear that candidates are still unaware that a working knowledge of Guidance Note 3 and BS 7671:2008 is required to achieve success in this qualification. Many candidates demonstrated significant gaps in both technical and underpinning knowledge of the subject matter. In particular the interpretation of information and test results and the validation process for test results are areas of concern.

From the information given by candidates it is apparent that they may be aware of the need for inspection and testing, but have little understanding of the reasons why it is done or the interpretation of the results obtained.
Many candidates did not display the required knowledge when answering the questions and this would suggest they do not have the necessary knowledge, understanding and experience when entering this qualification.

Use of correct terminology :
Correct terminology must be used when answering questions. Candidates continue to use incorrect terminology. This does indicate that candidates are not aware of the underlying requirements and processes. Typically candidates still referred to a periodic inspection and testing report as the type of inspection and the Electricity at Work Regulations is still incorrectly referred to as the Electricity at Work Act. Candidates also continue to use incorrect titles for documents and publications and to use inappropriate titles for the forms of certification
Documentation :
Some candidates were unable to identify the correct title of documents for certification, and many still refer to a Periodic Inspection Certificate. Candidates were unable to correctly identify the
Schedules by title with a Schedule of Items Inspected and a Schedule of Tests being common incorrect alternatives.
Questions which required candidates to identify where information is to be recorded on the forms of certification produced results which appear to indicate the candidates are not familiar with both the compilation and the content of these forms.
Many candidates did not consult with the third party (licensing authority) when determining the extent and limitations.
Inspection :
Question 22 asked candidates to identify three particular areas for investigation during inspection due to the nature of the location in the kitchen, laundry and residents rooms. The responses to this question were exceptionally poor with many candidates simply listing items such as sockets and switches for all locations giving no indication of the particular areas of investigation. Others included tests and many demonstrated a lack of understanding of the requirements for the locations. Many believed that some type of non-specific bonding was required.
Considering the information provided in the scenario there were very few candidates who identified inspection related to corrosion, appropriate IP ratings damage and the like. In the residents rooms many candidates considered the equipment being PAT tested etc as appropriate items for their inspection.
The response to this question generally indicated a lack of understanding of the inspection process and the information provided in GN3 related to the inspection of installations.
Question 4 required candidates to identify reasons why a survey would be required before a periodic inspection could be undertaken. Very few candidates were able to identify the relation to information not being available. Most identified events that could give rise to a periodic inspection being required.
Testing :
The common misunderstandings identified above show that ring final circuit testing is still a problem for many candidates. There is also some confusion as to the required tests fro particular circuits with many quoting the standard list, and the range of values expected for the tests undertaken. The test process and the expected results are fundamental to the requirements of those undertaking inspection and testing and for the candidates to complete the practical assessment.
Calculations :
Many candidates had problems with calculations related to the inspection and testing process. Cumulative insulation resistance values, determining values for stage 2 and stage 3 of the ring final circuit continuity test from given information caused some difficulty. These calculations are typical of the type of evaluations which may be required during the verification of test results. As these are fundamental to the activities of initial verification and periodic reporting such calculations should be within the abilities of the candidates. It would appear that a number of candidates do not understand the effects of resistances in series and parallel.

Describing test procedures :
When describing how to carry out a test, candidates were often confused as to what was required, unable to describe a logical approach and rarely used large clear diagrams to assist with their description. 2391-
Drawings and labels :
Question 25 required candidates to provide a fully labelled diagram of the earth fault loop path for a radial circuit. The scenario identified the system as TN-S. Whilst some candidates used the incorrect system there was a general lack of clear drawing and labelling.

Section A :

In Section A there were many fundamental errors identified in candidate responses. Typically many candidates

• identified a shock risk when testing main protective bonding conductors and not the tripping hazard. If the procedure is correct (isolation of the installation) there is no shock risk.

• could not correctly identify the reason for carrying out a continuity of ring final circuit test.

• could not identify special locations which were classified in zones; this including listing locations such as caravan sites and construction sites.

• were unaware of the IP requirement for Basic Protection with most examples related to ingress of liquids.

• were unable to determine the recorded RA value from given data, many adding the three values in parallel.

• did not know why R1 + R2 cannot be determined using Zs – Ze. Despite this information being given in Question 16 of Section A, many then went on in Section B to determine R1 + R2 using this incorrect method.

• were unable to identify the connection points for the instrument leads when measuring Ze when using a three lead test instrument.
• could not determine the maximum Zs for a 300 mA RCD to meet the requirements of BS 7671
• could not correctly determine the maximum permitted voltage drop for given circuits. Many used 16th edition values and/or determined voltage at equipment terminals.

Section B :
In Section B there were some areas where candidates were unable to demonstrate their understanding of the subject.

Many candidates were unable to

• identify operational aspects which would affect the inspection and testing activity with many simply identifying locations which were given in the scenario without identifying the aspect.

• identify the correct test sequence and relate instruments and ranges for the tests. For a radial final circuit the candidates included main protective bonding conductors, ring final circuit continuity and polarity with an approved voltage indicator in the dead tests, and PFC and RC in the live tests.

• describe the ring final circuit continuity test with may carrying out Stage 2 & 3 linking one pair (L1 & N2) and testing across the other pair for each test. Some included this as an extra stage wasting time and effort. A number were unable to determine the expected values.
• determine the calculated values of R1 and R2 correctly with a surprising number incorrectly using Zs – Ze despite the information in Part A that this method could not be used. Most candidates failed to appreciate that two of the circuits were ring final circuits and therefore failed to divide their result by 4.

Exam technique – time management :
Time management for candidates is important to ensure they have an opportunity to achieve the best possible result. Considering the number of marks available for each question and using this determine the extent and depth of the answer required would be useful. 2391-
As a guide, candidates should spend approximately one minute on an answer for each possible mark to be awarded. A question worth three marks for example should take approximately three minutes to complete. However many questions in Section A will take considerably less than this.

Exam technique – read the question
Careful reading of the question is important. Many answers did not include the information requested and candidates often provided answers which did not correspond to the question posed.
Candidates often did not answer the questions in both Sections A and B of the paper in relation to the given information and this often resulted in the loss of marks. Candidates must read the information given in the question. 2391-

 

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C&G 2382. 17th Edition ( BS7671:2008 ) Examination :

1. The Regulations (BS7671:2008) do NOT apply to
a. Residential Premises
b. Industrial Premises
c. Lightning Protection
d. Street Furniture
2. The Regulations do apply to
a. Offshore Installations
b. Mines & Quarries
c. Lift Installations
d. Low Voltage Generators
3. Which of the Following documents are deemed Non- Statutory
a. BS7671:2008
b. EAWR 1989
c. HASAW 1974
d. ESQCR 2002
4. Parts 3 – 7 of BS7671:2008 are explained in rudimentary terms within
a. Chapter 13
b. Chapter 12
c. Part 3
d. Appendix 5
5. Basic protection is defined as
a. Protection against shock under fault conditions
b. Protection against shock under fault free conditions
c. Protection against contact with live parts under fault free conditions
d. Protection against faults under sound electrical conditions
6. Equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic
insulation only is described as
a. Double Insulated Equipment
b. Class I Equipment
c. Class II Equipment
d. Class III Equipment
The7. The Earthing System illustrated in Figure 1 below would be identified as a
a. TN-S
b. TT
c. TN-C-S
d. IT
8. A Voltage of 250Volts AC (rms) would be defined as
a. Band I
b. Extra Low Voltage
c. High Voltage
d. Low Voltage
9. In determining Maximum Demand, ‘Diversity’ may be applies, which is
a. Taking the sum of all the protective devices from any CCU
b. Taking into account that not all loads will be switched on at the same time
c. Taking into account that all loads doubtless will be engaged at the same time
d. Ensuring that an economical and reliable design preference is utilised.
10. Every Installation is divided into circuits in order to
a. Ensue simplicity of isolation
b. Comply with European Standards
c. Avoid hazards and prevent inconvenience in the event of a fault
d. Allow individual energising of circuits which are not isolated
11. A building made entirely out of wood would be categorised for External Influences as
a. CA2
b. CA1
c. CB3
d. CB4
12. The Maximum Disconnection time for an a.c. TN circuit rated at 230V is
a. 0.04 seconds
b. 0.1 seconds
c. 0.4 seconds
d. 0.2 seconds
13. The Maximum Zs for a BSEN60898 Type C circuit breaker rated at 16Amps with
a 0.4second disconnection time is
a. 2.87Ω
b. 1.44Ω
c. 0.72Ω
d. 1.15Ω

14. For a TT System the Maximum earth fault loop impedance for a 100mA
BSEN61008-1 RCD in a 230Volt circuit is
a. 500Ω
b. 460Ω
c. 167Ω
d. 100Ω
15. Where, on electrical equipment, must the symbol in figure 2 be present
Figure 2
a. Where basic and supplementary earthing is present on an appliance
b. Where supplementary earth-bonding to an appliance is not present
c. Where electrical equipment has basic insulation only
d. Where Class I equipment is served from a sub-main CCU
16. Where Basic Protection is employed in the form of a barrier or enclosure, any
horizontal top surface must meet a protection level of at least
a. IPDXX
b. IP2X
c. IPXX3
d. IP4X
17. Except if made from adequate material, a luminaire rated at 200Watts should be
located away from combustible material by
a. 0.3m
b. 0.5m
c. 0.8m
d. 1.0m
18. To avoid burning, a non-metallic part intended to be touched but not hand held
cannot exceed
a. 80°C
b. 85°C
c. 90°C
d. 95°C
19. In relation to Voltage Disturbances, the resistance of the earthing arrangement
at the Transformer is referred to, within the area of symbols, as
a. RA
b. RB
c. RD
d. RE
20. Every core of a cable shall be identifiable at its terminations and preferably
throughout its length by
a. colour code only
b. letter code only
c. number code only
d. one or more of the above
21. An appropriate colour for a PEN conductor should be:
a. blue through its length with green markings at the terminations
b. green & yellow through its length with blue markings at the terminals
c. green & yellow through its length with brown markings at its terminals.
d. Green through its length with yellow markings at the terminals
22. A permanent label with the words ‘Safety Electrical Connection – Do Not
Remove’, complies with:
a. BS728
b. BS1363
c. BS951
d. BS423
23. A cable buried underground but not in conduit or ducting for mechanical
protection must incorporate
a. An earthed armour or metal sheath or both
b. A surface covering of 50mm thickness paving stones
c. A clear surface warning notice informing of its location
d. A PVC outer sheath
24. The de-rating factor for a cable surrounded by 50mm of thermal insulation is
a. 0.88
b. 0.78
c. 0.63
d. 0.51
25. In an L.V installation supplied directly from a public L.V distribution system the
maximum volt drop on a lighting circuit between the origin and any load point
should be no greater than
a. 6% Uo
b. 5% Uo
c. 4% Uo
d. 3% Uo

26. Every electrical inspection shall be accessible for inspection, testing and
maintenance purposes except for which of the following
a. A connection made in a junction box beneath floorboards
b. A connection made within a motor control unit
c. A connection designed to withstand fault current
d. A compound filled or encapsulated joint
27. The rated RCD operating current of such a device installed as a protection
against risk of fire in a TT system shall have a value of
a. 30mA
b. 100mA
c. 300mA
d. 500mA
28. The maximum prospective short circuit or earth fault current in a circuit should
not exceed
a. The operating current of circuit switching devices
b. The rated breaking capacity of any associated protective device
c. The design current of the circuit
d. The rated operating current of any RCD in circuit
29. Which of the following switching devices may be satisfactorily utilised for the
purposes of isolation?
a. BSEN60669-2-4
b. BSEN60669-2-3
c. BSEN60669-2-1
d. BSEN60669-1
30. When using bare conductors in extra low voltage lighting installations supplied
from a safety isolating transformer the minimum permissible cross sectional
area of conductors must be
a. 1.5mm2
b. 2.5mm2
c. 4mm2
d. 6mm2
31. Suspension devices for ELV luminaries must in any case be capable of
supporting at least
a. 5 Kg
b. 7.5 Kg
c. 10 Kg
d. 20 Kg
32. An automatic electrical safety service supply classed as medium break must, in
the event of losing the main supply, instate the safety service supply in a time
period of
a. between 0.15 & 0.5 seconds
b. between 0.5 & 5 seconds
c. between 5 & 15 seconds
d. greater than 15 seconds
33. The minimum value of Insulation Resistance for a 230Volt system must be
a. >0.25 MΩ
b. >0.5 MΩ
c. >1.0 MΩ
d. >2.0 MΩ
34. Correct Polarity must ensure that every ES lamp-holder have their outer or
screwed contacts connected to the neutral conductor, except for
a. E14 & E27 Lampholders
b. E14 & BSEN60895 Lampholders
c. E27 & BSEN61009 Lampholders
d. E11 & E24 Lampholders
35. To comply with PART 6 of BS7671, Periodic Inspection & Testing shall be
specifically undertaken by
a. A formally qualified Test Engineer
b. A person deemed as the ‘Duty Holder’ of the company carrying out the work
c. A expressly skilled person
d. A competent person
36. Zone 2 of a bathroom is restricted to the highest water outlet or the horizontal
plane lying above finished floor level by
a. 3.00m
b. 2.50m
c. 2.25m
d. 2.00m

37. In Zone 3 of a Sauna equipment must be able to withstand a minimum
temperature of
a. 100°C
b. 120°C
c. 125°C
d. 170°C
38. In marinas, equipment installed above a jetty or wharf, which is likely to
encounter water jets, shall be selected to comply with external influence levels
of
a. (AD4): IPX4
b. (AD5): IPX5
c. (AD6): IPX6
d. (AE6): IPX5
39. For a BS88-2.2 Fuse rated at 25A to obtain a 0.4sec disconnection time, it would
require a minimum prospective fault current of
a. 160A
b. 130A
c. 100A
d. 85A
40. A 30Amp Semi Enclosed BS3036 Fuse receiving a prospective fault current of
130A would disconnect in
a. 5.0sec
b. 1.0sec
c. 0.4sec
d. 0.2sec

Answers:
1. C Part 1 -110.2 Page 13
2. D Part 1 -110.1 Page 12
3. A Part 1 -114.1 Page 13
4. A Part 1 -120.3 Page 14
5. B Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
6. B Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
7. C Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
8. D Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
9. B Part 3 - 311.1 Page 38
10. C Part 3 - 314.1 Page 39
11. A Appendix 5 Page 319
12. C Part 4 - Table 41.1 Page 46
13. B Part 4 - Max Zs Tables - Part 4
14. B Part 4 - Table 41.5 Page 50
15. C Part 4 - 412.2.1 Page 55
16. D Part 4 - 416.2.2 Page 60
17. C Part 4 - 422.3.1 Page 67
18. A Part 4 - Table 42.1 Page 69
19. D Part 4 - 442.1.2 Page 80
20. D Part 5
21. B Part 5
22. C Part 5
23. A Part 5
24. A Part 5 – Table 52.2 Page 104
25. D Part 5
26. D Part 5
27. C Part 5
28. B Part 5
29. A Part 5
30. C Part 5
31. A Part 5
32. C Part 5
33. C Part 6 - Table 61 Page 158
34. A Part 6 - 612.6 Page 159
35. D Part 6 - 621.5 Page 162
36. C Part 6 - Page 169
37. C Part 7 - 703.512.2. Page 180
38. B Part 7 - 709.512.2.1.1 Page 193
39. A Appendix - Time/Current Graph - Page 248
40. C Appendix - Time/Current Graph -Page 245

Symbols :
In Rated current of the contacts - Expressed in amperes e.g. 100A.
I?n Sensitivity or residual operating current - Usually expressed in amperes e.g. 0.03A for 30mA

 

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Regulation 411.5.3 requires that for TT systems the
formula in 411.5.3 (ii) RA I∆n & 50 V.

RCD maximum Zs or RA values
……… maximum touch voltage
I∆n (A)………. 50V
0.01 …………. 5000Ω
0.03 …………. 1666Ω
0.1 ……………. 500Ω
0.3 ……………. 166.6Ω
1 ………………. 50Ω
3 ………………. 16.66Ω

Earth electrode resistances over 200Ω are likely to be unstable
( Measured Résistance should not exceed 100Ω ,

( RA I∆n ≤ 50 V : R ≤ 50v / 30mA , ( 50 ÷ 30 = 1667Ω
R ≤ 50v ÷ 160 = 0.31Ω ( 30mA RCD protects a.c Circuit rated residual current 30mA ,

411.5.4 : ( Zs x Ia ≤ Uo ) 32A = ÷ 230 = 0.13Ω
TT , 50v ÷ .3mA = 166.7 Ω , ( 30mA )
100mA = ) 50v ÷ 0.1mA = max Zs off 500Ω

612.9 : Earth fault loop impedance, Zs

This may be determined either by Direct Measurement at the further point of a live circuit OR by adding (R1 + R2) Ze

i.e. Zs = Ze + ( R1 + R2 ). In general, the Earth Fault Loop Impedance shall Not Exceed 100 Ω.

17th Edition Forms : 2392-10

1 Initial inspection and testing 2392-10

Forms 1 to 4 are designed for use when inspecting and testing a new installation, or an alteration or addition to an existing installation. The forms comprise the following:
1 Short form of Electrical Installation Certificate (To be used when one person is responsible for the design, construction, inspection and testing of an installation.)
2 Electrical Installation Certificate (Standard form from Appendix 6 of BS 7671)
3 Schedule of Inspections
4 Schedule of Test Results.
Notes on completion and guidance for recipients are provided with the form.

2 Minor works 2392-10
The complete set of forms for initial inspection and testing may not be appropriate for minor works. When an addition to an electrical installation does not extend to the installation of a new circuit, the minor works form may be used. This form is intended for such work as the addition of a socket-outlet or lighting point to an existing circuit, or for repair or modification.
Form 5 is the Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate from Appendix 6 of BS 7671.
Notes on completion and guidance for recipients are provided with the form.

3 Periodic inspection 2391-10
Form 6, the Periodic Inspection Report from Appendix 6 of BS 7671, is for use when carrying out routine periodic inspection and testing of an existing installation. It is not for use when alterations or additions are made. A Schedule of Inspections (3) and Schedule of Test Results (4) should accompany the Periodic Inspection Report (6).
Notes on completion and guidance for recipients are provided with the form.

2392-10

Prospective short circuit current is the greater of the short-circuit current and earth fault current -&- :
Ze, the external impedance measured at the origin of the installation with the main bonding disconnected. -&- :

Continuity of protective conductors - Every protective conductor including bonding conductors shall be tested to verify it is sound and correctly connected :

Continuity of final circuit conductors - The sum of the resistance of the of the phase conductor (R1) and the protective conductor (R2 ) i.e. R1 + R2 , is to be inserted : This may be use, after temperature correction, by adding to Ze , to determine Zs.

Insulation resistance :

Equipment such as electronic devices shall, where necessary, be disconnected from the installation to avoid damage during testing. Where required, such equipment shall be tested separately.

17th Edition wiring regulations, explains : 2392-10

There is also a specific requirement for appropriate documentation for all installations.
Of particular interest to the health and safety manager, Regulation 134.2.1 requires that inspection and testing must be carried out by a 'competent person' to verify that standards have been met.
Importantly, a 'competent person' is defined as someone 'who possesses sufficient technical knowledge and experience for the nature of the electrical work undertaken and is able at all times to prevent danger, and where appropriate, injury to themselves and others'.
In practice, this means that inspection and testing should only be taken by experienced engineers that are qualified to the City and Guilds 2392 - 10 course 'Fundamental Testing, Inspection and Initial Verification'.
This course is now recognized as the qualification for competent persons carrying out initial inspection and testing of electrical installations.
For periodic inspection and testing, competent persons should successfully complete the C&G 2392 - 20 'Inspection, Testing and Certification of Electrical Installations' course in addition to the 2392 - 10 course.
Once the initial verification of the installation has been completed, which includes both inspection and testing, the regulations call for the issuing of an Electrical Installation Certificate, together with a schedule of test results and a schedule of inspections.
The certificate includes space for three signatures - the person responsible for the design, the person responsible for the construction and the person carrying out the inspection and test of the installation.
It should be emphasized that the signature for the inspection and test section is the person who actually carries out the inspection and test and not someone else who may be in authority.
In some cases, all three sections may require signature by the same person and this is perfectly acceptable.
However, the Electrical Installation Certificate should not be signed until any defects identified by the person responsible for inspection and test have been corrected.
An Electrical Installation Certificate (or a Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate), stating the extent of the works covered, shall be issued once the inspector is satisfied that the works comply with the regulations.
Any defects found in related parts of the installation, not affecting the safety of the alteration or addition should be reported in writing to the person ordering the work.
If existing defects affect the new work then these defects need to be corrected before an Electrical Installation Certificate can be issued and before the new work can be put into service.
An example of this is where bonding or equipotential bonding is inadequate or omitted, as this would seriously affect the safety of the whole installation, including the new work.
The Electrical Installation Certificate should not be used for periodic inspections.
The 17th Edition regulations stipulate that the designer of the installation is responsible for specifying the interval to the first periodic inspection and test.
There is also the positive recommendation (Regulation 135.1) that every electrical installation is subject to periodic inspection and testing by a competent person (in accordance with Chapter 62).
For example, the IEE Guidance Note for periodic fixed installation test frequencies advise a maximum period of five years between inspections and testing for commercial offices, shops and hospitals - reducing to three years for industrial facilities, leisure complexes and theatres.
For some special installations, such as swimming pools, petrol stations and caravan parks, the maximum period between inspections and testing is one year.
This represents a substantial difference from the previous edition, which presumed that a programme of risk assessments, records and preventative maintenance could be adopted in place of periodic testing.
The Periodic Inspection Report form is only to be used for the inspection of an existing installation and should include both inspection and test results.
Again the extent and limitations of the report needs to be stated and recommendations of defects and their remedies should be made.
The report includes a numbering system for this purpose, as follows: 1 - Requires Urgent Attention; 2 - Requires Improvements; 3 - Requires Further Investigation; and 4 - Does Not Comply With BS 7671:2008 (although this does not necessarily imply that the electrical installation is unsafe).
A minor works is defined as 'work which does not include the provision of a new circuit'.
Testing is still essential and a number of tests are specifically identified as essential to confirm safety.
Also included on the form is space to allow the inspector to comment on the existing installation.

.

 

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17th Edition wiring regulations, explains :
“Earthing Arrangements “
1. Earthing Arrangements
2. In this section we are going to look at : -
The basics of shock .
Shock protection .
Class 1 & Class 2 equipment .
The three common earthing arrangements .
3. Earthing arrangements -
4. Definitions from Part 2 BS 7671
5. Bonding conductor A protective conductor providing equipotential bonding
6. Where protection against electric shock does not rely solely on basic insulation alone. Exposed-conductive parts being connected to a protective conductor within the fixed wiring of the installation. Class I equipment Class I insulation Single-layer insulation Live part Exposed conductive part
7. Class II equipment Where protection against electric shock relies on the application of additional or supplementary insulation. There is no provision for the connection of a protective conductor to exposed metalwork. Class II insulation Live part Two layers of insulation Exposed metalwork
8. Double insulation Double insulation (Class II) - Insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementary insulation Symbol found on equipment
9. Earth The conductive mass of Earth, whose electric potential at any point is conventionally taken as zero
10. Earth Electrode A conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with, and providing an electrical connection to earth
11. Earth electrode resistance The resistance of an earth electrode to earth
12. Earth fault current A fault current which flows to earth
13. Earth fault loop impedance The impedance of the earth fault current loop  starting and ending at the point of earth fault. Symbol Z Unit
14. The earth fault loop The earth fault loop starting at the point of fault consists of:
o The circuit protective conductor (c.p.c.)
o Consumers earthing terminal and earthing conductor
o For TN systems, the metallic return path
o For TT and IT systems the earth return path
o The path through the earthed neutral point of the
o transformer
o The transformer winding and phase conductor to point
o of fault
15. Earth leakage current A current which flows to earth, or to extraneous conductive parts, in a circuit which is electrically sound. This current may have a capacitive quality including that from the deliberate use of capacitors for noise filtration.
16. Earthed equipotential zone A zone within which exposed conductive parts and extraneous conductive parts are maintained at substantially the same potential by bonding, such that under fault conditions, the differences in potential simultaneously accessible exposed and extraneous- conductive parts will not cause electric shock.
17. Earthing Connection of the exposed conductive parts of an installation to the main earthing terminal of that installation
18. Basic contact (shock) Results from Making contact with parts of a circuit or system which are live under normal conditions
19. Earthing Connection of the exposed conductive parts of an installation to the main earthing terminal of that installation
20. Extraneous conductive part A conductive part liable to introduce a potential, generally earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation.
21. Fault A circuit condition in which current flows through an abnormal or unintended path. This may result from an insulation failure or a bridging of insulation. Conventionally the impedance between live conductors or between live conductors and exposed or extraneous conductive parts at the fault position is considered negligible.
22. Functional earthing Connection to Earth necessary for proper functioning of electrical equipment Table 51A Functional earthing conductors to be coloured cream
23. Contact of persons or livestock with exposed-conductive parts which have become live under fault conditions. Fault contact
24. Protective conductors A conductor used for some measure of protection against electric shock and intended for connecting together any of the following parts
o Exposed conductive parts
o Extraneous-conductive parts

17th Edition : Earthing & Equipotential Bonding :

Earthing ,

Earthing ensures that in the event of a fault, adequate fault current will flow causing rapid operation of a Circuit Protective Device (fuse, circuit breaker, or RCD) promptly disconnecting the supply. This limits the duration of any shock that one might receive, dramatically reducing the risk of serious injury or death :

For example, suppose a poorly positioned live wire in a washing machine becomes abraded by a sharp metal edge when the machine is running and this has the effect of making the casework of the machine "live". Since the case is connected (via its 13A plug) to mains earth, a high current will flow which will either blow the fuse in the plug and/or trip the RCD protecting the circuit :

During fault conditions, earthing may also reduce the voltage rise of anything earthed, which in addition to the limiting of the shock duration described above can also reduce the shock risk :

On general purpose socket circuits, the size of earthing conductors, and the circuit protective devices used are chosen to ensure that a fault is cleared within 0.4 seconds (or 0.2 seconds if the installation uses TT Earthing). For submains or higher power circuits feeding fixed equipment the time limit is 5 seconds (or 1 with TT) :

Main Equipotential Bonding ( 17th Edition , Main Protective Bonding Conductor )

Main bonding is the electrical interconnection of incoming (metallic) services (e.g. water, gas, and oil pipes) plus any extraneous conductive parts of a building (like the metal framework used in some buildings, or the central heating pipework), to the main electrical earth. This ensures that under fault conditions extraneous conductive parts, such as pipework, are not able to take on a dramatically different electrical potential to that of the installation's earth connection :

Supplementary bonding ( 17th Edition , Supplementary Protective bonding conductors’ / where required ,

Supplementary, or cross bonding is usually found in special locations containing a bath or shower. Unlike earthing it is not designed to clear a fault. What it does is electrically tie together all accessible conductive parts (pipes, taps, electrical appliances etc) that could under fault conditions introduce a dangerous potential (voltage) into the room :

For example suppose an electrically heated towel rail develops a fault which makes it electrically live. (Of course this also supposes that it is not earthed properly: which should never happen but the regulations adopt a belt and braces approach). Without bonding, such a fault would result in the towel rail being at mains voltage, while adjacent basin taps might offer a path to earth via the water pipework. This would be a very dangerous situation since touching both towel rail and a tap would expose one to a 230V potential difference across the arms and chest (including heart) probably causing severe injury or death :

However if the pipework feeding both hot and cold taps is bonded together with that of the earth of any electrical circuits supplying the room, then the towel rail fault will try to bring both taps up to mains voltage (230V). However touching both rail and tap at the same time exposes one to a potential difference of zero volts :

(Actually the bonding may fail to tie all elements together at exactly the same potential, but it is designed to limit any potential difference to 50V or less) :

The 17th Edition and Earthing & Equipotential Bonding

* Before an addition or alteration can be made to an existing installation it must be ascertained that the earthing and bonding arrangements comply with the current version of BS7671 and any existing equipment including the incoming supply is adequate for the proposed addition or alteration. 131.8
* Every installation must be provided with a main earthing terminal. 542.4.1
* The main earthing terminal, all bonding conductor connections and connections to an earth electrode must be permanently labelled 'Safety Electrical Connection - Do Not Remove'. 514.13.1
* Every joint and connection must be accessible. 543.3.3, 526.3
* All circuits must have a cpc that is terminated at each wiring point and at each accessory. 411.3.1.1

 

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* Rigid metal conduit and the metal sheath or armour of a cable can be used as a protective conductor. 543.2.2, 543.2.5
* Where rigid metal conduit or the metal sheath or armour of a cable is used as a protective conductor, a separate protective conductor must connect the earthing terminal of any accessories to the appropriate metal backbox. 543.2.7, 543.7.2.1

* All joints in metal conduit must be continuous. 543.3.6
* The cpc of flat cables must be sleeved when the cable sheath has been removed. 543.3.2
* Protective conductors must be identified by the colours green & yellow. 514.4.2 The single colour green is not permitted. 514.4.5
* In most domestic installations switches are not to be used with a protective conductor. 543.3.4
* All exposed-conductive-parts of a TN installation must be connected to the main earthing terminal. 411.4.2
* All extraneous conductive parts in an installation must be connected to the main earthing terminal by main protective bonding conductors. This applies to the metallic sheath of a telecommunication cable where permission from the owner of the cable must be obtained. 411.3.1.2
Main Earthing Conductor :
* The minimum csa of the main earthing conductor must be determined by the adibiatic equation or selected from Table 54.7 543.1.1. If the adibiatic equation is used, the minimum csa of the main earthing conductor must be 6mm 544.1.1. Table 54.7 suggests a 16mm main earthing conductor for phase conductors with a csa of up to 35mm.
* The csa of the main earthing conductor where PME conditions apply should be not less than that for a main protective bonding conductor (10mm) for the same installation 544.1.1. Invariably the electricity supplier will provide a 16mm main earthing conductor for a PME supply in a domestic property.
Main Protective Bonding Conductors :
* All extraneous conductive parts in an installation must be connected to the main earthing terminal by main protective bonding conductors. This applies to the metallic sheath of a telecommunications cable where permission from the owner of the cable must be obtained. 411.3.1.2
* For TN-S or TT systems the csa of main protective bonding conductors must be a minimum of 6mm and not be less than half the csa of the main earthing conductor. 544.1.1
* For a PME system the csa of the main bonding conductors must not be less than that given in Table 54.8 i.e. a 10mm protective bonding conductor for a neutral conductor of 35mm or less. 544.1.1
* For a service pipe, the main bonding conductor should be connected as near as possible to the point where the service enters the building. The connection must be before any branched pipework and on the consumers side of any meter. If possible the connection should be made within 600mm of the meter outlet. Where the meter is outside, the bonding connection should be made at the point of entry of the service into the building. 544.1.2

* Main bonding conductors should not be supported by the service pipes they are connected to. 543.3.1
* Where a main bonding conductor loops in and out to connect to an extraneous-conductive-part, the conductor should be unbroken at the connection. 528.3.3
* It is not necessary to run a main protective bonding conductor to an incoming service where the incoming service pipe and the consumers pipework are both made of plastic. If the incoming service pipe is made of plastic and the consumers pipework is made of metal it is recommended to main bond any metal pipework. OSG p29
Supplementary Bonding Conductors :
* Supplementary bonding is not required in a bath or shower room if all the extraneous conductive parts of the installation are connected to the main equipotential bonding. p6, 701.415.2
It is not generally required to supplementary bond the following :
* kitchen pipes, sinks, draining boards, metallic kitchen furniture, boiler pipes, metallic parts supplied by plastic pipes or metal pipes to hand basins or wc's ( excluding metal waste pipes in contact with earth ). OSG p31
Earth Electrodes : ( 542.2 – 542.2.1 )
* All of the following can be used as earth electrodes :
* Earth rods or pipes * Earth tapes or wires * Earth plates * Underground structural metalwork embedded in foundations * Welded metal reinforcement of concrete embedded in the Earth (excluding pre stressed concrete) * Lead sheaths & metal cable coverings provided the following conditions are met :
* a - the cable covering must be in effective contact with Earth
* b - the permission of the cable owner must be obtained
* c - the owner of the cable must be able to inform the owner of the installation of any changes to the cable which may affect it suitability as an earth electrode
* metal gas or water pipe must not be used as an earth electrode. 542.2.4

Why is inspection and testing necessary ?

Periodic inspection and testing is necessary because all electrical installations deteriorate due to a number of factors such as damage, wear, tear, corrosion, excessive electrical loading, ageing and environmental influences. Consequently legislation requires that electrical installations are maintained in a safe condition and therefore must be periodically inspected and tested.
Licensing authorities, public bodies, insurance companies, mortgage lenders and others may require periodic inspection and testing of electrical installations.
The law and inspection and testing

17% of all house fires are caused by electrical faults, due to lack of maintenance, poor and / or DIY work.

Existing domestic electrical installations are recommended to be inspected and tested at least once every 10 years or 5 years for rental properties. The purpose of this is to ensure the ongoing safety and efficiency of the installation, and to rectify any faults or degradation identified during the work.

It is also recommended that all in-service equipment is also regularly tested and inspected, labelled and records kept

Many house buyers may require a report regarding the age, condition and suitability of the electrical installation for mortgage and / or insurance purposes. This type of report can also be used as a bargaining point where the installation is found to be substandard.

 

[amberleaf]

Introduction to the Changes : Apprentices

BS7671:2008 is the current national standard for all electrical work undertaken in
the United Kingdom. The first edition of BS7671 was published in 1992 and has
so far been amended six times. The 17th Edition is the result of a complete
review of the 16th Edition and aims to standardise the UK standards with the
Harmonised Documents (HD’s) produced by the European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC).
A new informative note in the preface advises that publication of the
2008 edition of BS7671 does not automatically mean that installations complying
with previous editions are unsafe for continued use or need to be upgraded.
Numbering. The Regulation numbers are changed so as to be in line with
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Numbers. This enables users to
readily relate UK regulations with European HDs and IEC regulations.
Fundamental Principles. Requirements are added for protection for persons and
livestock against injury, and property against damage caused by voltage
disturbances and electromagnetic influences.
Protection against electric shock – chapter 41.
• The chapter has been rewritten. Many regulations are worded differently but
the requirements are not significantly changed.
• The terms ‘Direct Contact’ and ‘Indirect Contact’ are no longer used. They are
replaced with Basic Protection and Fault Protection. ‘Basic protection’ is
protection against touching live parts. ‘Fault protection’ is protection against
receiving a shock from conductive parts that have become live due to a
breakdown of insulation or damage to equipment.
• Socket outlets rated not exceeding 20 A and intended for general use by
ordinary persons must be protected with 30 mA RCDs. This means that
general purpose sockets in domestic and similar properties must have
RCD protection.
• External sockets rated not exceeding 32 A must also have 30 mA
RCD protection.
• Maximum permitted earth loop impedance – Zs values have been adjusted,
based on 230V nominal and this has slightly reduced these, for example for
32amp type ‘B’ MCB protection the maximum permitted is 1.44ohms and was
previously 1.5ohms.
Selection and erection of wiring systems – chapter 52.
• An important new regulation that particularly affects domestic and similar
installations, requires cables that are buried less than 50mm into a wall or
partition and are not enclosed in earthed metallic covering or have mechanical
protection capable of resisting nails or screws to be protected by a 30 mA
RCD as well as being installed in the ‘safe zones’ created by the position of
accessories etc. as previously permitted.
• Similarly, irrespective of depth of cable, cables that are installed in metal framed
walls require 30 mA RCD protection if not otherwise protected by earthed
metallic covering.
• The above requirements do not apply to installations that are under the control
of skilled or instructed persons, such as office buildings, large retail outlets and
industrial premises.
• Maximum permitted volt drop where supplied directly from a public
distribution system is now 3% for lighting and 5% for all other applications.

Part P of the Building Regulations

Part P came into effect in England and Wales on the 1st January 2005. It is now a legal requirement for all work on fixed electrical installations in dwellings and associated buildings to comply with relevant standards. The relevant UK standard is BS 7671: 2008, 'Requirements for electrical installations' (The IEE Wiring Regulations 17th Edition). BS 7671 covers requirements for design, installation, inspection, testing, verification and certification.

To what types of electrical work does Part P apply?
• In a dwelling
•
• In the common parts of buildings serving one or more dwellings, but excluding power supplies to lifts
•
• In a building that receives its electricity from a source located within or shared with a dwelling, and
•
• In a garden or in or on land associate with a building where the electricity supply is from a source located within or shared with a dwelling
•

The term dwelling includes houses, maisonettes and flats. It also apply to electrical installations in business premises that share an electricity supply with dwellings, such as shops and public houses with a flat above.

The common parts of buildings includes access areas in blocks of flats such as hallways and shared amenities in blocks of flats such as laundries and gymnasiums.

Part P applies to electrical installations located in outbuildings such as detached garages, sheds and greenhouses.

Part P applies to parts of electrical installations located on land around dwellings such as garden lighting.

Part P applies to electrical installations that operate at voltages not exceeding 1000 V a.c.

Notifiable work includes new installations, house re-wires, and the installation

of new circuits. Notifiable work also includes additions to existing circuits in kitchens, bathrooms, outdoors and in other special locations. (See below ).
Will all electrical work need Building Regulations approval?
No. In general, notification will need to be given to, or full plans deposited with, a building control body only if the work is major involving one or more complete new circuits, and is not being carried out by an electrical contractor registered with an authorised competent person self-certification scheme.
What types of electrical work are 'non-notifiable'?

The following types of work are non-notifiable:
• Replacing accessories such as socket-outlets, control switches and ceiling roses
•
• Replacing the cable for a single circuit only, where damaged, for example, by fire, rodent or impact (note a)
•
• Re-fixing or replacing the enclosures of existing installation components (note b)
•
• Providing mechanical protection to existing fixed installations (note c)
•
• Work that is not in a kitchen or special location and does not involve a special installation (note d) and consists of:
•
• Adding lighting points (light fittings and switches) to an existing circuit (note e)
•
• Adding socket-outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit (note e)
•
• Installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding (note f)
•

Notes:

(a) On condition that the replacement cable has the same current-carrying capacity, follows the same route and does not serve more than one sub-circuit through a distribution board

(b) If the circuit's protective measures are unaffected

(c) If the circuit's protective measures and current-carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by increased thermal insulation

(d) Special locations and installations are listed below

(e) Only if the existing circuit protective device is suitable and provides protection for the modified circuit, and other relevant safety provisions are satisfactory

(f) Such work shall comply with other applicable legislation, such as the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations
Special locations and installations
• Locations containing a bath tub or shower basin
•
• Swimming pools or paddling pools
•
• Hot air saunas
•
• Electric floor or ceiling heating systems
•
• Garden lighting or power installations
•
• Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems
•
• Small scale generators such as microCHP
•
• Extra-low voltage lighting installations, other than pre-assembled, CE-marked lighting sets
•

What are competent person self-certification schemes?

Electrical contractors who register with a competent person self-certification scheme will be able to self-certify compliance with the Building Regulations whenever they carry out 'notifiable' work. Persons who are not registered with a self-certification scheme - including DIYers - will need to notify or submit plans to a building control body, unless the work is non-notifiable as described above.

How many electrical self-certification schemes have been approved?

On the recommendation of BRAC (the Building Regulations Advisory Committee), the Government has approved schemes to be operated by:
• BRE Certification Limited
•
• BSI - British Standards Institution
•
• ELECSA Limited
•
• NAPIT Certification Ltd
•
• NICEIC Certification Services Limited
•

 

[amberleaf]

With a TT- Function ,
a Test Current of 15mA or less is applied between Line – Earth ,
It enable Loop Measurement without Tripping most RCDs 30mA : * ( your also checking the sensitivity of the RCD ) -&- 3291-10

RCD Test can be Selected :
Selector , from Either the Positive ( Oº ) or from ,
The Negative ( 180º ) half-Cycle of Voltage ,
At Both Polarity Test Minimum ( best ) and Maximum ( Worst ) Trip Times :

For TN- systems the Earth Fault Loop Impedance is the sum of the following Impedances :
Impedance of the power transformer secondary winding :
Impedance of the phase conductor from the power transformer to the location of the fault.:
Impedance of the protective conductor from the fault location to the power transformer :


If an electrical installation is protected by over-current protective devices including circuit breakers or fuses,
the earth Loop Impedance should be Measured In the event of a fault the earth fault Loop Impedance should be
low enough (and the prospective fault current high enough) to allow automatic disconnection of the electrical supply by the
circuit protection device within a prescribed time interval Every circuit must be tested to ensure that the earth fault Loop Impedance value does Not exceed that specified or appropriate for the over-current protective device installed in the circuit :

Tester takes a current from the supply and measures the difference between the unloaded and loaded supply voltages. From this
difference it is possible to calculate the Loop résistance
For a TT system the earth fault Loop Impedance is the sum of the following impedances
▲ Impedance of the power transformer secondary winding
▲ Impedance of the phase conductor resistance from the power transformer to the location of the fault
▲ The Impedance of the protective conductor from the fault location to the earth system
▲ Resistance of the local earth system (R).
▲ Resistance of the power transformer earth system (Re)

The figure below shows in marked line the Fault Loop Impedance for TT system.
When the protective device is a residual device ( RCD ), Ia is the rated residual operating current I∆n . For example in a TT system protected by an RCD the maximum RA values are as follows:

Rated residual
Operating ………. 10 ………. 30 ………. 100 ………. 300 ………. 500 ………. 1000
current IΔn mA
Ra (at 50V) Ω …. 50000Ω …. 1667Ω …... 500Ω …… 167Ω ………100Ω ………. 50Ω

For this example the maximum value is 1667Ω , the Loop tester
reads 12.74Ω and consequently the condition RA is 50 / Ia is met. It also important to test the operation of the RCD using a
dedicated RCD tester in accordance with the international standard IEC60364 for a TN system :

The following condition shall be fulfilled for each circuit Zs – Uo / Ia where Zs is the earth fault Loop Impedance voltage is the
nominal voltage between phase and earth and ( Ia ) is the current that causes the automatic disconnection of the protective device
within the time stated in the following table :

Note:
▲When the protective device is a residual current device( RCD ),
Ia is the rated residual operating current I∆n , For instance in a TN system with a nominal mains voltage of
Uo = 230V protected by type gG fuses the ( Ia ) and maximum Zs values could be :

Principles of the measurement of line :
Impedance and prospective short circuit current Line Impedance on a single phase system is the Impedance measured between phase and neutral terminals. Measurement principles for line impedance are exactly the same as for earth fault Loop impedance measurement with the exception that the measurement is carried out between phase and neutral :

The protective short circuit or fault current at any point within an electrical installation is the current that would flow in the
circuit if no circuit protection operated and a complete (very low impedance ) short circuit occurred
The value of this fault current is determined by the supply voltage and the impedance of the path taken by the fault current
Measurement of prospective short circuit current can be used to check that the protective devices within the system will operate
within safety limits and in accordance with the safe design of the installation. The breaking current capacity of any installed
protective device should be always higher than the prospective short circuit current :

If the prospective fault current is measured , its value must be higher than the ( Ia ) value of the protective device concerned

* The maximum value of Zs for this example is 2.70Ω (16 amp gG fuse, 0.4 seconds). The Loop tester reads 1.14Ω and consequently
the condition Zs Uo / Ia is met :

Accordance with the International Standard IEC 60364 , for a TT system the following condition shall be fulfilled for each circuit
RA must be 50 / Ia
Where ;
RA is the sum of the resistances of the local earth system :
R and the protective conductor connecting it to the exposed :
Conductor part. 50V is the maximum voltage limit ( it May be 25V in certain circumstances ).
( Ia ) is the value of current that causes automatic disconnection : of the protective device within 0.1 seconds

Principles of RCD Measurement :
The RCD tester is connected between phase and protective on the load side of the RCD after disconnecting the load.
A precisely measured current for a carefully timed period is drawn from the phase and returns via the earth, thus tripping the
device. The instrument measures and displays the exact time taken for the circuit to be opened ,
An RCD is a switching device designed for breaking currents when the residual current attains a specific value It works on the
basis of current difference between phase currents flowing to different loads and returning current flowing through the neutral
conductor (for a single-phase installation). In the case where the current difference is higher than the RCD tripping current, the
device will trip and disconnect the supply from the current There are two parameters for RCDs; the first due to the shape
of the residual current wave form (types AC and A) and the second due to the tripping time (types G and S). A typical RCD is AC-G.
▲ RCD type AC will trip when presented with residual sinusoidal alternating currents whether applied suddenly or slowly
rising. This type is the most frequently used on electrical installations :
▲ RCD type A will trip when presented with residual sinusoidal alternating currents (similar to type AC) and residual pulsating direct currents (DC) whether suddenly applied or slowly rising. This type of RCD is not commonly used at present, however, it is
increasing in popularity and is required by the local regulations in some countries
▲ RCD type G. In this case G stands for general type (without trip-out time delay) and is for general use and applications
▲ RCD type S where S stands for selective type (with trip- out time delay).This type of RCD is specifically designed for


Auto Ramp : Check your RCD settings , 1 x / 5 x ,
The RCD should trip. Check Trip Out Current.
(1) Press the 0°/180°switch to change the phase and repeat step

Heres the Good New,s Chaps , am doing my 2392-10 on Friday 23/ 10/ 09
Am OFF the Air for One Week , I’ve left you some things to be going on with , PS kicking A--- Amberleaf
am in Manchester ,
PS, this could be a 6-pack ? on Friday

 

[amberleaf]

17TH Edition , Questions & Answers for Examination 2382-10 Requirements for
1. The external influence code ACM requires IP rated equipment to
a. IPX4
b. IPX1
c. IPO
d. IPX2

Electrical Installations



2. AS 7671 is a
a. document designed solely for the use of electricians
I. legal document used in a court of law
c. Bon statutory document
d. statutory document

3. The fundamental principles of BS7671 state that persons and livestock shall be protected against injury as a
consequence of over voltages originating from
a. motors running
I. the operation of circuit breakers
c. atmospheric events
d. voltage recovery

4. The fundamental principles of BS 7671 covering the protection against voltage disturbances etc., states that the
installation shall have an adequate level of immunity against
a. the weather
b. electromagnetic disturbances
c. voltage loss
d. vibration

5. What is the maximum As for a 10A type C circuit breaker protecting a standard discharge type lighting circuit?
a. 1.15 Ohms
I. 2.30Ohms
c. 1.44Ohms
d. 1.92Ohms

6. A double insulated hand held electric drilling machine is known as
a. class II equipment
b. a DeWalt
c. class HI equipment
d. class I equipment

7. An electrical installation certificate should be signed by
a. the local authority
b. a competent person
c. the customer
d. the REC

8. When considering external influences, the code AD4 requires IP rated equipment to
a. IPXO
b. IPX1
c. IPX4
d. IPX5

9. The external influence code AD1 requires IP rated equipment to
a. IPX4
b. IPX1
c. IPXO
d. IPX2

10. When considering external influences, the code AA5 relates to the ambient temperature range
a. -5°C to +45°C
b. -65°C to +5°C
c. +5°C to +40°C
d. -25°C to 0°C


11. When considering external influences, the code AA1 relates to the ambient temperature range
a. -5°C to +45°C
b. -60°C to +5°C
c. +5°C to +40°C
d. -25°C to 0°C

12. Electrical installations shall be divided into circuits to
a. allow easier access to the installation
b. allow more even distribution of power
c. allow for expansion without changing the maximum demand
d. reduce electromagnetic interference

13. One method of determining the external loop impedance is by taking a reading at
a. the origin of supply
b. the supply and furthest outlet
c. the supply and subtracting the values of R1 + R2
d. the furthest outlet from the supply origin

14. The maximum disconnection time for a 230V a.c. final circuit not exceeding 32 amps, with a TT supply is
a. 3s
b. 0.2s
c. 0.5s
d. 5ms

15. The maximum Zs for a 16A Type B circuit breaker protecting a fixed appliance is
a. 1.87 Ohm
b. 0.87Ohm
c. 2.40Ohm
d. 2.87Ohm

16. Undervottage protection is required when the restoration of power may cause
a. accidental RCD tripping
b. unexpected stalling of the motor
c. overload activation
d. unexpected start-up of the machinery

17, A device which cuts off all or part of an installation from every source of electrical energy provides
a. emergency switching
b. isolatior
c. a fireman's switch
d. partial disconnection

18. For a 32A Type B circuit breaker protecting a standard final ring circuit, the maximum Zs would be
a. 0.70 Ohm
b. 0.30 Ohm
c. 1.44 Ohm
d. 0.20 Ohm

19. In a TT installation, distribution circuits must satisfy a disconnection time of
a. 5s

b. 1s
c. 0.6s
d. 0.2s

20. A residual current device (RCD) works by
a. a magnetic device operating in the event of a fault between Live and earth «-> CORRECT ANSWER
b. a magnetic device operating in the event of a fault between neutral and earth
c. a thin element operating in the event of a fault between neutral and earth
d. a thin element operating in the event of a fault between live and earth

21. A RCBO offers protection against
a. short circuit current
b. short circuit and earth fault current
c. short circuit and overload current
d. basic contact

22. Protective measures against electric shock can be achieved by automatic disconnection of the supply and in systems additional protection by means of an red shall be provided for
a. mobile equipment with a current rating exceeding 32 A
b. mobile equipment with a current not exceeding 22 A
c. socket outlets with a rated current exceeding 20 A
d. socket outlets with a rated current not exceeding 20 A
systems additional protection by means of an rcd shall be provided for

23. Protective measures against electric shock can be achieved by automatic disconnection of the supply and in systems additional protection by means of an red shall be provided for
a. socket outlets with a rated current exceeding 20 A
b. socket outlets with a rated current not exceeding 13 A
c. mobile equipment with a current rating not exceeding 32 A
d. mobile equipment with a current rating exceeding 32 A

24. In a.c. systems in the event of the failure of basic protection, additional protection may be provided by
a. supplementary bonding
b. a time delay 100mA RCD
c. an RCD with an operating current not exceeding 30mA
d. electrical separation

25. If a fault occurs in the HV system, and a magnitude of fault voltage of 430 volts occurs between exposed conductive
parts and earth on the LV installation. What is the maximum tolerable duration of the fault?
a. 10 ms
b. 100 ms
c. 200 ms
d. 300 ms

26. If a Line conductor of an IT system is earthed accidentally, the insulation and components rated for the Line to
Neutral voltage can be temporarily stressed with a higher voltage. What value can this stress voltage reach up to?
a. U=V3 U0
b. U=3U0
c. U=V U0
d. U=U0

27. Nuisance tripping from a large transformer installation can be prevented by
a. the use of an RCD
b. the use of a C type MCB
c. the use of a B type MCB
d. the use of a D type MCB

28. In order to reduce the effects of eddy currents when conductors are drawn through a steel conduit system, they
should be arranged so that
a. they are terminated in the correct phase sequence
b. each conductor of an individual circuit takes approximately the same current
c. they are physically separated from the conductors of other circuits within the conduit
d. they are not individually surrounded by the ferrous material -> CORRECT ANSWER

29. If a cable is buried in a wall less than 50mm depth and is not protected by metallic enclosures, the additional
protection required is
a. RCD protection -
b. MCB protection
c. supplementary bonding
d. external notification of cable routes

30. At which one of the following terminations would a warning notice NOT need to be attached
a. a copper water pipe
b. a bonded gas pipe
c. an earthing terminal within a consumer unit
d. an earth electrode

31. When determining design current, the correction factor that is applied to a BS3036 rewirable fuse is
a. 0.752
b. 0.527
c. 0.725
d. 1.725

32. A BS1361 protective device is also known as a
a. circuit breaker
b. cartridge fuse
c. RCD
d. semi enclosed rewirable fuse

33. An installation protected by an RCD shall have a fixed notice stating
a. the test button should be pressed occasionally
b. the test button should be pressed monthly
c. the test button should be pressed quarterly
d. the test button should be pressed at 6 monthly intervals

34. When insulated a PEN conductor shall be identified with
a. blue insulation along its length
b. green insulation and blue markings at the termination
c. green and yellow insulation and blue markings at the termination
d. green and yellow insulation along its length

35. Outdoor lighting does NOT involve
a. shelters
b. festoon lighting
c. road trafic signals
d. floodlighting

36. Where it is necessary to install cables within a wall consisting of a metal construction, the circuit should
a. adequately bond the studwork
b. be RCD protected
c. be MCB protected
d. be sheathed in metallic conduit

37. Where it is necessary to limit the consequences of the risk of fire due to fault currents, an RCD
a. shall be installed at the end of the circuit to be protected

 

[amberleaf]

b. shall be installed at the origin of the circuit to be protected
c. is used to switch off the line conductor in the event of a faun
d. is used to switch off the neutral conductor in the event of a fault

38. In Great Britain the use of Combined protective and neutral (PEN) conductors is prohibited in consumers installations by which regulations?
a. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
b. The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992
c. The IEE Wiring Regulations
d. The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002

39. In Great Britain the use of Combined protective and neutral (PEN) conductors is prohibited in consumers installations. One of the exceptions from this is
a. where the supply is feeding an agricultural installation
b. where the installation is supplied by a privately owned transformer which has a metallic connection with the distributors
network
c. where the supply is obtained from a private generating plant
d. where the supply is feeding a swimming pool

40. Where a generating set is used as an additional source of supply in parallel with other sources, it shall be instated
a. on the supply side of all the protective devices for the final circuits of the installation with a number of additional
requirements
b. on the supply side of all the protective devices for the final circuits of the installation with no additional requirements ~>
c. on the load side of all the protective devices for the final circuits of the installation with no additional requirements
d. on the load side of all the protective devices to the final circuit which must be connected by plug and socket

41. Regarding auxiliary supplies to safety services, the maximum changeover time refers to
a. how long the safety source can supply the rated power output to the safety service
b. the frequency (in cycles per second) of the auxiliary supply feeding the safety service
c. how often maintenance has to be carried out on the auxiliary supply
d. the time It takes for the safety source to supply the power to the safety service, after the loss of the main power supply

42. The minimum value of insulation resistance test performed on a PELV installation is
a. 10.0 MOhm
b. 2.0 MOhm
c. 0.3 MOhm
d. 0.5 MOhm

43. The minumum value of insulation resistance test performed on a SELV installation is
a. 99.0 MOhm
b. 2.0 MOhm
c. 0.3 MOhm
d. 0.5 MOhm

44. During the initial verification of an installation, which of the following forms part of the checklist?
a. maximum demand and diversity
b. Design briefs
c. contractors notes
d. presence of diagrams and instructions

45. An earth fault loop impedance test performed on a final ring circuit will record
a. the external loop impedance
b. the resistance of the line and protective conductors and external loop impedance
c. the resistance of the line and protective conductors
d. the protective conductor resistance

46. A polarity test would be conducted to verify
a. every fuse and single pole device is connected in the line conductor only -
b. there is sufficiently low resistance to operate the protective device within its limits
c. there is sufficient circuit protection
d. there is no breakdown of the conductor insulation

47. The minimum value of insulation resistance of a PELV circuit is
a. 0.5 MOhm
b. 1MOhm
c. 1.5 MOhm
d. 5MOhm

48. Within an agricultural installation, bonding conductors can be
a. 6.0mm2 aluminium conductors
b. 4.0mm2 aluminium conductors
c. 4.0mm2 copper conductors
d. 5.0mm2 copper conductors

49. Self supported suspension cables within agricultural situations should be
a. at a height of a least 2m
b. at a height of a least 4m
c. at a height of a least 6m
d. at a height of a least 10m

50. If SELV or PELV is used within agricultural premises, barriers or enclosures must conform to at least
a. IP4X
b. IPXXB
c. IPX4
d. IP67

51. Within zone 2 of an outdoor swimming baths where no water jets are used, installed electrical equipment should be rated
a. IPX4
b. IP2X
c. IPXXB
d. 1PX8

52. In an area containing a bath or a shower, socket outlets must be installed
a. 3m horizontally from zone 1
b. 3m horizontally from zone 0
c. 3m horizontally from zone 2
d. within zone 2 but outside zone 1

53. Where contact with skin or footwear is likely, the floor temperature of an underfloor heating installation should be limited to
a. 20°C
b. 35°C •
c. 40°C
d. 70°C


54. A mobile unit should have a connection between the
a. live and neutral
b. neutral and earth
c. vehicle chassis and main bonding terminal
d. battery terminals and supply

55. On the d.c. side of a PV power supply system, the type of insulation that is preferable is
a. Class II-
b. Class I
C XLPE

d. 1000v VDS

56. In marina installations that are NOT in an area subject to vehicle movement, overhead distribution cables shaft be installed at a height of
a. 5.5m
b. 4.5m
c. 6.5m
d. 3.5m

57. In areas that are not subject to vehicle movement on a caravan site, overhead distribution cables shall be installed at a heigth of
a. 6m
b. 3.5m
c. 5m
d. 10m



58. BS 6004 relates to
a. emergency lighting
b. electrical cables
c. 13A plug cartridge fuses
d. RCDs

59. BS 5266 relates to
a. emergency lighting -
b. electrical cables
c. 13A plug cartridge fuses
d. 13A plugs

60. The correction factor for three multicore cables installed in single layer fashion on a wail is
a. 0.75
b. 0.85
c. 0.79
d. 0.99


ANSWERS

1-a 2-c 3-c 4-b 5-b 6-a 7-b 8-c 9-c 10-c 11-b 12-d 13-a 14-b 15-d 16-d 17-b 18-c 19-b

20-a 21-b 22-d 23-c 24-c 25-d 26-a 27-d 28-d 29-a 30-c 31-c 32-b 33-c 34-c 35-b 36-b

37-b 38-d 39-c 40-b 41-d 42-d 43-d 44-d 45-b 46-a 47-a 48-c 49-c 50-b 51-a 52-a 53-b

54-c 55-a 56-d 57-b 58-b 59-a 60-c
________________________________________

17th Edition stuff , Part 4 -
Protection for Safety :

Part 4 is reorganised with subject matter more closely grouped eg basic requirements and application requirements are now in the same chapter.
Part 4 has also a number of important changes.
Protection against direct contact has been replaced by “basic protection” which is defined as:- protection against electric shock under fault free conditions.
Protection against indirect contact has been replaced by “fault protection” which is defined as:- protection against electric shock under single fault conditions.
EEBADS is now an out of date term referring only to fault protection measures and this is now replaced by ADS:- Automatic Disconnection of Supply, which is a protective measure including both basic and fault protection.
Table 41A – Maximum disconnection times, has been extended and modified. Now replaced by table 41.1 this new table includes final TN and for the first time TT circuits. Disconnection times for circuits not exceeding 32A are tabulated for a range of ac and dc nominal line voltages
E.g.:
for a 230V I6A TN circuit t = 0.4s
for a 230V 16A TT circuit t = 0.2s
for final circuits exceeding 32A:- for a 230V TN circuit, t = 5s : max for a 230V TT circuit t = 1s max :

The terms fixed and non fixed equipment have been removed and no longer apply e.g. for previous fixed equipment in a TN circuit the value of 5s no longer applies and is now covered in table 41.1 as 0.4s or for circuits exceeding 32A, 5s.
As well as maximum disconnection times for TT systems being introduced into BS 7671 where an RCD is used for earth fault protection in a TT system an additional condition must be met. This is that RA x I∆n ≤ 50V (section 411.5.3).

 

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2392-10 : just off the press this is the New Sh—there hitting you with ,


(42) Prospective Short Circuit Current is Measured at the Supply with the Main Earthing Conductor :
(a) Connected to the Main Earth Terminal :
(b) Connected to the Neutral Supply :
(c) Disconnected from the Main Earth Terminal : *****
(d) Connected to the Line Supply :

Measurement of Prospective Short Circuit Current :
CCU :
Note : the Neutral & Earth Probes are Connected to the Natural Terminal ( Line by is self )
Note : Not on the ( MET ) Main Earthing Terminal ( Earth Connection Block :

(41) Prospective Earth Fault Current ( PEFC ) is Measured between :
(a) Line & Neutral :
(b) Line & Earth : *****
(c) Neutral & Earth :
(d) R1 & R2
Measurement of Prospective Earth Fault Current :
CCU :
Note : the Neutral Probe (N) Only : the Line Probe ( L ) Only :
Note : Earth Probe : on the ( Earth Connection Block : ( MET )

(40) Prospective Short Circuit Current ( PSCC ) is Measured between :
(a) Line & Neutral : *****
(b) Line & Earth :
(c) Neutral & Earth :
(d) R1 & R2

(0)Measurement of External Loop Impedance : ( Ze )
CCU :
Note : the main Earth is Disconnected from main bonding conductors and Circuit Protective conductors for this Test ,
Note : Main Switch in “ OFF “ Position :
Note : the Neutral Probe (N) Only : the Line Probe ( L ) Only :
Note : Earth Disconnected from the ( MET ) Main Earthing Terminal

(37) RCD tests should include :
(a) Half times /no trip , 1 times 40mS , 5 times / 0.45 ,
(b) Half times / 40mS , I times no trip , 5 times / 300ms ,
(c) Half times / no trip , I times 300mS , 5 times / 40mS **** ( am basing them on BS-EN - )
(d) Half times / 0.45 , I times 30mS , 5 times / 300mS ,

(31) When checking Polarity with test probes the voltage indication on a single phase socket outlet should be :
(a) L-N 230V , L-E 230V , N-E , 230V
(b) L-N 230V , L-E 0V , N-E , 230V
(c) L-N 0V , L-E 230V , N-E , 0V ,
(d) L-N 230V , L-E 230V , N-E , 0V , *****

( 47) An Electrical Installation Certificate consists of : ( Remember this One a Must ) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔
(a) A two page Certificate :
(b) A two page Certificate and Schedule of Inspections :
(c) A two page Certificate and Schedule of Test Results :
(d) A two page Certificate, A Schedule of Inspections and a Schedule of Test Results :

(48) The Electrical Certificate required to be completed for a domestic shower circuit would be : ( Remember this One a Must ) ↔↔↔
(a) A Minor Works Electrical Installation Certificate :
(b) A Minor Works Electrical Installation Certificate and a Schedule of Test Results :
(c) A Minor Works Electrical Installation Certificate and a Schedule of Inspections and a Schedule of Test Results : *****
(d) No Certification Required :

( 47) ( D ) Ops

(49) Volt drop in a cable will :
(a) Increase with Increase in Length : *****
(b) Decrease with increase in Length :
(c) Not affected by increase in Length :
(d) Increase with a reduction in length :

(44) Voltage drop can be evaluated by using which one of the following test values :
(a) External Loop Impedance (Ze ) :
(b) Final Circuit earth Fault loop Impedance (Zs ) : *****
(c) Insulation Résistance :
(d) RCD tripping times :

2392-10 : Certificate in Fundamental Inspection and Initial Verification of Electrical Installations

(1) An initial verification is carried out to ensure that :
(a) All fixed equipment , parts and material are erected correctly to British Standards : *****
(b) No claim can be made for poor workmanship :
(c) A certificate is issued to the tenant of the property :
(d) The building insurance policy cast is kept to a minimum :

(2) Three items of information required for the initial inspection are :
(a) Maximum demand , type of earthing and supply characteristics : *****
(b) Cost of work, time taken and number of electricians :
(c) Serial number of instrument , schedule of test results , order number :
(d) Estimated time , start time and total hours taken :

(3) Three statutory and non statutory most relevant guidance materials for initial verification :
(a) COSHH regs , CDM regs , and PUWER regs , :
(b) Working at Height regs , and Working in Confined Spaces Act :
(c) Health and Safety Policy , Liability insurance and building insurance :
(d) EAWR 1989 , BS-7671:2008 , and IEE guidance notes 3 : *****

(4) Three locations and associated equipment requiring specific guidance material would be :
(a) Bedroom ,Lounge and Garage :
(b) Roofs , Cellars and Lofts :
(c) Explosive atmospheres , combustible dust and open cast mines : ( Mac two Answers on sheet C / D ) ???????? Help
(d) Offices , workrooms and classrooms :

(5) Some of the essential and optional information required on the Electrical Installation Certificate and Minor Electrical Installation Work Certificate is :
(a) Number of rooms , type of lighting , outdoor supplies :
(b) Floor area , separate building , number of floors ,
(c) Means of earthing , main protective conductors and supply characteristics : *****
(d) Name of sub-contractor , invoice , contact number :

(6) Two human senses that may be employed during the initial verification are :
(a) Thought and speech :
(b) Movement and pain :
(c) Gut feeling and taste :
(d) Sight and touch : *****

(7) Two main items to be checked for given systems and locations are :
(a) Light levels and stroboscopic effect :
(b) Number of appliance and Pat test labelling :
(c) Connection of conductors and cable selection : *****
(d) Empty premises or tenanted :

(8) Two requirements of the EAWR 1989 for safe inspection and testing are :
(a) Excess current protection and means of isolation : *****
(b) Two inspectors are required and one person under supervision :
(c) Presence of tenant and building inspector during verification :
(d) Spare instrument batteries and spare test leads :

(9) Instruments should be in accordance with :
(a) HSG 141 ,
(b) GS-38 , *****
(c) BS-7671 ,
(d) IEE Guidance Note 3 ,

(10) The correct Instruments or settings required to carry out domestic installation testing are ,
(a) Multimeter , Ammeter , Voltmeter and Watt meter ,
(b) Low insulation tester , light meter , power meter ,
(c) Pipe locator , cable finder , fuse checker and buzzer ,
(d) Continuity , insulation , loop impedance and RCD , ***** GN-3

(11) The first three tests to carry out on an initial verification are :
(a) Verification of switch operation , fuse test and lamp test ,
(b) Continuity of protective conductors , continuity of ring and insulation résistance , ***** GN-3
(c) Verification of voltage drop , functional testing of polarity ,
(d) Electrical separation , earth electrode test and phase sequence ,

(12) The four earthing arrangements in a domestic installation are ,
(a) Cross bond , main earth , earth electrode and supply cable earth ,
(b) Protective conductors in lighting , socket outlets , cooker and shower ,
(c) Bonding conductors to Gas , Water , Central heating and kitchen sink ,
(d) Main earth , main bonding , circuit protective conductors and supplementary bonding , *****

(13) Continuity of protective conductors gives a reading of ,
(a) R1 + Rn ,
(b) Ze + Zs ,
(c) R1 + R2 , ***** ( remember they are not asking you about little r1 + r2 , End to End
(d) r1 + r2 ,

(14) Increasing conductor length and decreasing conductor cross sectional area , ( CSA )
(a) Increases résistance , ***** Remember this one ,
(b) Decreases résistance ,
(c) Has no effect on résistance ,
(d) Causes the résistance value to remain the same due to both changes ,

(15) An increase in ambient temperature would cause the résistance of a conductor to ,
(a) Increase ,
(b) Decrease ,
(c) Vary ,
(d) Remain the same ,

(16) Connecting conductors’ in parallel would ,
(a) Reduce the overall value of résistance , *****
(b) Have no effect on the résistance compared to one conductor ,
(c) Double the résistance value of résistance ,
(d) Increase the overall value of résistance ,

(17) On a ring continuity test (R1 + R2 ) can be calculated by ,
(a) Adding line ( r1 ) and protective conductor ( r2 ) ,
(b) Subtracting ( r2 ) from ( r1 ) ,
(c) Adding ( r1 ) to ( r2 ) and dividing by ( 4 ) , **** ( Remember this if your doing your 2391-10 ) look back on these pages , it all there ,
(d) Adding ( r1 ) to ( r2 ) and multiplying by ( 4 ) ,

(18) Decreasing a conductor length with cause its résistance to ,
(a) Remain the same ,
(b) Vary ,
(c) Increase ,
(d) Decrease , *****

(19) Where cables are connected in parallel the overall insulation résistance ,
(a) Stay the same .
(b) Varies ,
(c) Increase ,
(d) Decreases ,

(20) Insulation résistance is measured in ,
(a) mΩ
(b) Ω
(c) KΩ
(d) MΩ

(21) Before carrying out an insulation résistance test consideration must be given to ,
(a) Client consultation , safety procedures and notices , *****
(b) Checking the results and verifying them ,
(c) The supply voltage and frequency ,
(d) Ze and PFC ,

(22) Before carrying out an insulation résistance test ,
(a) Carry out verification of voltage drop ,
(b) Ensure supply is switched on ,
(c) Contact local authority building control ,
(d) Safely isolate and consider electronic components and voltage sensitive equipment , *****

(23) When carrying out an insulation résistance test , tests should be between ,
(a) Live to Neutral and Live to Earth , ( Mac two Answers on sheet A / B ) ???????? Help ( Myself ( A ) Tutors for you ?
(b) Live to Live and Live to Earth ,
(c) Earth to Neutral and Earth to Earth ,
(d) Neutral to Neutral and Live to Earth ,

( A low resistance between phase and neutral conductors, or from live conductors to earth, will result in a leakage current. )

 

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(24) The required test voltage and minimum value of résistance for circuit above 50V to 500V is :
(a) 250v / 0.5mΩ ,
(b) 500v / 1MΩ , *****
(c) 250v / 1MΩ ,
(d) 500v / 0.5MΩ ,

(25) The insulation résistance test to verify separation between SELV circuits and other circuits should be ,
(a) 250v / 0.5mΩ ( table 61 regs ) *****
(b) 500v / 1MΩ
(c) 250v / 1MΩ
(d) 500v / 0.5MΩ

(26) A shower located in a room above a bath would be : ( regs 701.512.2 (ii ) in zone 1 – 2 : IPX4 , lighting bathroom ,
(a) In zone 0 , IP4X and not RCD protected ,
(b) In zone 1 , IPX4 and RCD protected , *****
(c) In zone 2 , IPX8 and not RCD protected ,
(d) In zone 0 , IPX8 and RCD protected ,
( anything that moves in bathroom RCD it 30mA ) 17th Edition ,
( Zone 1 : IPX4 , Zone 0 : IPX7 , Zone 2 : IPX4 , Electrical equipment exposed to water jets , e.g. IPX5 : ←←←

(27) The appropriate IP code for finger protection from contact with a Live terminal is ,
(a) IP2X , ***** ( how to remember Two Finger up , V )
(b) IP4X ,
(c) IPX2 ,
(d) IPX4 ,

(28) A polarity test is carried out to confirm ,
(a) RCD is in the Live side of the circuit ,
(b) Main double pole switch is in the Live side of the circuit ,
(c) Single pole switches , cable contact of Edison screw lampholders and fuses are in the Live side of the circuit , *****
(d) Double pole switches are in the Live side of the circuit ,

(29) Correct polarity of a final circuit can be confirmed during the ,
(a) Protective conductor continuity test ( R1 + R2 ) , *****
(b) Insulation résistance test ,
(c) External loop impedance test ,
(d) Protective fault current test ,

(30) Correct polarity is confirmed when supply is switched on to confirm ,
(a) Correct polarity of final circuit ,
(b) Correct polarity of final circuit and supply connections , *****
(c) Correct polarity of supply connections ,
(d) Correct polarity of portable equipment ,

(32 ) Earth electrodes’ can be tested using ,
(a) A voltmeter or ammeter ,
(b) A Insulation résistance tester or continuity tester ,
(c) An earth electrode or loop impedance tester , ***** ( Remember 2 Instrument’s Used , method 1 , method 2 , )
(d) An RCD tester or frequency meter ,

(33) When measuring earth electrodes’ using an earth fault loop impedance tester the tester should be connected ,
(a) To the furthest point ,
(b) To every socket outlet of the ring in turn ,
(c) To the installation supply with the main earthing conductor disconnected from the main earthing terminal , *****
(d) At mid point in a ring circuit ,

(34) A supply earthing arrangement which has a combined neutral and earth is a ,
(a) TN-S- system ,
(b) TN-C-S - system , ***** ( Look up in the regs , Definitions , p-33 )
(c) TT- system ,
(d) IT- system ,

(35) Earth fault loop impedance values for ( Zs ) is carried out ,
(a) At the supply ,
(b) At the first socket in a ring circuit and furthest lighting point in a lighting circuit ,
(c) At all consumer unit MCB outgoing terminals ,
(d) At all sockets in a ring circuit and furthest lighting point in a lighting circuit , *****

(36) A measured value of ( Zs ) can be compared with the maximum tabulated value by 0.8 ,
(a) Multiplying the tabulated value by 0.8 , ↔ ( Mac I could be wrong here I’ll stick my neck out ) Help !!!!!! A / D
(b) Multiplying the measured value by 0.8 ,
(c) Dividing the tabulated value by 0.8 ,
(d) Dividing the measured value by 0.8 ,

Ambient temperature at the time of test , and the maximum conductor operating temperature , both of which will have an effect
On conductor résistance , hence , the ( R1 + R2 ) could be greater at the time of fault than at the time of test ,
Our measured value of ( Zs ) must be corrected to allow for these possible increases in temperature occurring at a later date , this
Requires actually measuring the ambient temperature and applying factors in a formula ,
( which simply requires that the measured value of ( Zs ) does not exceed 0.8 of the appropriate tabulated value gives the 0.8 values of the tabulated loop impedance for direct comparison with measured values )
In effect , a loop impedance test places a Line / Earth Fault on the Installation ,
The value of ( Zs ) will have to be determined from measured values of ( Ze ) and ( R1 + R2 ) and the 0.8 rule applied ,

Note : Never Short out an RCD in Order to conduct this Test :
As a Loop Impedance test creates a high Earth Fault Current , albeit for a Short Space of time , some lower rated circuit breakers may operate , resulting in the same situation as with an RCD , and ( Zs )
Earth Fault Loop Path : Fault current , Exposed Conductive Path , TN-C-S ( Ze – 0.35Ω pen conductor ) TN-S ( Ze – 0.8Ω )

External Loop Impedance ( Ze )
The value of ( Ze ) is measured at the intake position on the supply side , and with all main protective bonding disconnected ,
Unless the Installation can be isolated from the supply , this test should not be carried out ,
As a potential shock risk will exist with the supply on and the main protective bonding disconnected ,

Additional protection RCD / RCBO operation :
Where RCDs / RCBOs are fitted it is essential they operate within set parameters , The RCD testers used are designed to do just this ,
Basic tests required are as follows :
(1) Set the Instrument to the rating of the RCD :
(2) Set the Instrument to half-rated trip :
(3) Operate the Instrument and the RCD , should “ Not trip “
(4) Set the Instrument to deliver the full rated tripping current of the RCD , ( I∆n )
(5) Operate the Instrument and the RCD , should trip out in the required time :
(6) For RCDs rated at 30mA or less set the Instrument to deliver ( x5 ) times the ratted current of the RCD , ( 5 I∆n )
(7) Operate the Instrument and the RCD , should trip out in ( 40mS )

( PS , I wont give up my day job )

(38) RCDs can be used for ,
(a) Overload protection of portable appliances ,
(b) Additional protection of socket outlets up to 20A , special locations’ and installations , *****
(c) Fault current protection of equipment and socket outlets rated above 32A
(d) Basic protection ,

(39) RCDs connected in series must have ,
(a) Delay operation facilities ,
(b) Indicator lamps of different colours ,
(c) One combined test button facility ,
(d) Discrimination between RCDs , *****

(43) Prospective fault current measurement ensures that ,
(a) Cables can carry the required load current ,
(b) The consumer unit main switch can be operated during a fault ,
(c) The over current protective devices at that point in the installation can disconnect the fault current , *****
(d) The main fuse will operate in the event of a fault ,

(45) The maximum permitted voltage drop to BS-7671:2008 for ,
(a) 4% lighting 4% other uses ,
(b) 9.2% lighting 4% other uses ,
(c) 2.5% lighting 4% other uses ,
(d) 3% lighting 5% other uses , ( Appendix 12 , p-358 ) *****

(46) The requirements for erection of electrical installations are given in ,
(a) Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ,
(b) IEE On Site Guide ,
(c) Building Regulations ,
(d) BS-7671 :2008 , ***** ( regs chapter 52 : P-97 )

(50) Instruments used for electrical installation testing should be ,
(a) Calibrated on a regular basis , *****
(b) Exempt from calibration ,
(c) Calibrated after and initial verification ,
(d) When the batteries are dead ,

State the Recommended Sequence of Tests Covered by this Unit and the Reasons for that Sequence :

Sequence taken from BS-7671 : 2008 Part 6

………………….. Test …………………………………………….. Reason ………..
Continuity of protective conductors : R1 + R2 value , Metalwork & Effective IR testing
Continuity of Ring Final Circuit : R1 + R2 value , No Interconnected ring
Insulation Résistance : No Short-between Line , Neutral & Earth
SELV : No Connection between Low & Extra Low-Circuits
PELV No Connection between Low & Extra Low-Circuits
Electrical Separation : No Connection between Low & Extra Low-Circuits
Basic protection by barrier or Enclosure : No finger or other solid more than 1mm
Insulation / Impedance of Floors and Walls : Effectiveness of high Résistance / Impedance Location
Polarity : Switches , Fuses , breakers etc in live side of circuit
Earth Electrode Résistance : Resistive Contact of Electrode to Ground :
Earth Fault Loop Impedance : To meet final circuit disconnection time in event of fault :
Additional protection / RCD test : To ensue RCD operates in time in event of Fault or misuse :
Prospective Fault Current : To ensue protective devices can disconnect fault effectively :
Check of Phase Sequence : To ensue 3 Phase motors etc, rotate incorrect direction :
Functional Testing : To Test RCD test button , Switches , breakers , locks etc, operate
Verification of Volt Drop : To ensue voltage at load end is within required limits ,

 

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Insulation Resistance Testing: How and Why ? Our cousins Overseas : IEE :

How significant is insulation resistance testing ? Since 80% of electrical maintenance and testing involves evaluating insulation integrity, the answer is "very important." Electrical insulation starts to age as soon as it's made. And, aging deteriorates its performance. Harsh installation environments, especially those with temperature extremes and/or chemical contamination, cause further deterioration. As a result, personnel safety and power reliability can suffer. Obviously, it's important to identify this deterioration as quickly as possible so you can take the necessary corrective measures.
What is insulation resistance testing? Basically, you're applying a voltage (specifically a highly regulated, stabilized DC voltage) across a dielectric, measuring the amount of current flowing through that dielectric, and then calculating (using Ohm's Law) a resistance measurement. Let's clarify our use of the term "current." We're talking about leakage current. The resistance measurement is in megohms. You use this resistance measurement to evaluate insulation integrity.
Current flow through a dielectric may seem somewhat contradictory, but remember, no electrical insulation is perfect. So, some current will flow.
What's the purpose of insulation resistance testing? You can use it as:
• A quality control measure at the time a piece of electrical equipment is produced;
• An installation requirement to help ensure specifications are met and to verify proper hook up;
• A periodic preventive maintenance task; and
• A troubleshooting tool.
How do you perform an insulation resistance test? Generally, you connect two leads (positive and negative) across an insulation barrier. A third lead, which connects to a guard terminal, may or may not be available with your tester. If it is, you may or may not have to use it. This guard terminal acts as a shunt to remove the connected element from the measurement. In other words, it allows you to be selective in evaluating certain specific components in a large piece of electrical equipment.
Obviously, it's a good idea to have a basic familiarity with the item you're testing. Basically, you should know what is supposed to be insulated from what. The equipment you're testing will determine how you hook up your meghommeter.
After you make your connections, you apply the test voltage for 1 min. (This is a standard industry parameter that allows you to make relatively accurate comparisons of readings from past tests done by other technicians.)
During this interval, the resistance reading should drop or remain relatively steady. Larger insulation systems will show a steady decrease; smaller systems will remain steady because the capacitive and absorption currents drop to zero faster than on larger systems. After 1 min, you should read and record the resistance value.
When performing insulation resistance testing, you must maintain consistency. Why? Because electrical insulation will exhibit dynamic behaviour during the course of your test; whether the dielectric is "good" or "bad." To evaluate a number of test results on the same piece of equipment, you have to conduct the test the same way and under the relatively same environmental parameters, each and every time.
Your resistance measurement readings will also change with time. This is because electrical insulation materials exhibit capacitance and will charge during the course of the test. This can be somewhat frustrating to a novice. However, it becomes a useful tool to a seasoned technician.
As you gain more skills, you'll become familiar with this behaviour and be able to make maximum use of it in evaluating your test results. This is one factor that generates the continued popularity of analogue testers.
What affects insulation resistance readings? Insulation resistance is temperature-sensitive. When temperature increases, insulation resistance decreases, and vice versa. A common rule of thumb is insulation resistance changes by a factor of two for each 10 DegrC change. So, to compare new readings with previous ones, you'll have to correct your readings to some base temperature. For example, suppose you measured 100 megohms with an insulation temperature of 30 DegrC. A corrected measurement at 20 DegrC would be 200 megohms (100 megohms times two).
Also, "acceptable" values of insulation resistance depend upon the equipment you're testing. Historically, many field electricians use the somewhat arbitrary standard of 1 megohm per kV. The international Electrical Testing Association (NETA) specification Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems provides much more realistic and useful values.
Remember, compare your test readings with others taken on similar equipment.

The 17th Edition :

Limits this to : ( regs p-358 )
Voltage drop in Consumer’s Installations ,
The Voltage drop between the origin of an Installation and any load point should not be greater than the values in table 12A
Expressed with respect to the value of the nominal voltage of the Installation ,
The calculated Voltage drop should include any effect due to harmonic currents :

3% for lighting ,
5% for Other Uses ,
3% of 230 = 6.9v
3 x 230 ÷ 100 = 6.9v
5% of 230v = 11.5v
5 x 230 ÷ 100 = 11.5v

6% & 8% respectively are permitted for private supplies ,

Ring Final Circuit : GN-3 ( Dead Test ) 2392-10
Instrument : Set : on Ohms –

Under : “ Schedule of Test Results “ Circuit Loop Impedance Ω : ( Ring Final Circuits , Only Measured End to End ,

Line / Line : Little : r1 = 0.43Ω ( Measured End to End ) ↔ Big Copper Lower Résistance )
Neutral / Neutral : Little : r n = 0.42Ω ( Measured End to End ) ↔ Big Copper Lower Résistance )
Earth – Earth : Little : r2 = 0.73Ω ( Measured End to End ) ↔ Smaller C.S.A. ↔ High Résistance )

The Three Test Results can know be put Onto the “ Test Result Sheet “

Domestic Electrical Installation Certificate : “ Test Results “ > Circuit Impedance ( Ω ) :
( Ring Final Circuit(s) Only / Measured End–to–End , > Test Results in Box <

“ Résistance and the Conductor “ 2392-10

Résistance is directly proportional to Length and inversely proportional to “ C.S.A” simply this means that More Length > More Résistance ,
and Less Length > Less Résistance , Also the Greater the C.S.A. the Less the Résistance , and the Smaller the C.S.A. the Greater the Résistance

The Circuit Design why ? : Apprentices

Lighting circuits are almost always wired in Parallel - from strings of Christmas tree lights to the lights in your home - since adding another light to the parallel circuit does not affect the voltage reaching the lights already in the circuit. If for example you were to wire two 12V bulbs in series with a 12V battery, each bulb would receive only 6 Volts. Wired in Parallel each bulb still receives the 12 Volts it needs. Also, if one bulb fails, the rest of the bulbs will remain lit ,

Circuit Résistance in Parallel

Résistance is directly proportional to length and inversely proportional to c.s.a. Simply this means that more length, more Résistance, and less length less Résistance. Also the greater the c.s.a. the less the Résistance, and the smaller the c.s.a. the greater the Résistance.

 

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Amberleaf ( 6 – Pack Tonight )

Passed My 2392-10 Certificate / Fundamental Inspection , Testing & Initial Verification :

Have a lot off 2391-10 stuff , when I get a chance I’ll down load them ,

Jason I’ll need to use a new folder Amberleaf , how will I word it !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Testing –

The Obtaining and Recording of the Installations ( Psc ) & ( Ze ) Details :

When Obtaining the Values of either the Psc & Ze at the Origin of the Installation three Methods appear to be Acceptable :

(1) By Enquiry : Usually given upon request to the local Regional Electricity Board , it is common practice for them to quote
A maximum value “ this usually being 16kA for the Prospective Short Circuit Current and earth loop values of 0.35Ω for TN-C-S 0.8Ω for a TN-S system , O.S.G. p-11

(2) By Calculation :
The Designer , using information given , with regard to cable sizing , length of run from the sub-station , etc , can calculate the (PSC ) & the Phase Earth Loop Impedance at the Origin of the Installation ,

(3) By Direct Measurement :
Using a Instrument a direct measurement can be made for the ( PSCC ) ↔ ( PFC ) & ( Ze ) of the Installation
at the Supply intake Terminals ,

* Test results do not specify whether the actual recorded instrument reading is that of a ( Phase / Neutral or a ( Phase / Phase short circuit ,
Although the worst scenario is a short circuit fault across the three phase it appears that a Phase / Neutral measurement is acceptable :

“ Measurement of the Prospective Earth Fault Current “
To measure the Earth Fault Current as a direct reading in Amps , the Instrument ( Neutral Lead can be Connected to the Earth Block )
with the Instrument still set on the current range what will now be measured is the Prospective Earth Fault Current ,

* ( Psc ) range kA ,
By Using this method it saves you having to divide the Earth Loop Impedance reading previously obtained into the supply voltage to
obtain the Earth Fault Current ,
Prospective Short Circuit Current to be measured and recorded , but where the Prospective Earth Fault Current exceeds that of the Short Circuit Current then this Value should be recorded in its place ,
the value of whichever is the Greater should be recorded on the Certificate as the Prospective Fault Current ( Pfc )

“ Measurement of the Short Circuit Current “
“ Range kA “
The test is made using a dedicated ( Psc ) Instrument connected as ( Line & Neutral )
( Most Earth Loop Impedance Instruments incorporate the facility for the measurement of the Phase-Neutral Prospective Short Circuit Current ,

The Protective Devices at the Point of Test must have a Short Circuit Rating in Excess of the reading taken ,
( the Exemptions from this Requirement are when MCBs etc. are used for Overload Protection and BS-1361 or BS-88
Protective devices with suitable operating Characteristics { POSITIONED on the SUPPLY SIDE ϟϟ }

Contractors will Only have Instruments capable of Psc measurement’s at 230V , so a problem will arise on Three Phase systems where a
Ph – Ph –Ph measurement is required , if a 3-Phase measurement is required it has unfortunately become common practice to multiply
The Single Phase recorded measurement by a factor of ( Ѷ 3 )
On Three Phase systems it should be policy to measure and record both the Three Phase Short Circuit Current ( Ph-Ph-Ph ) and
Single Phase Short Circuit Fault Current ,
( Unfortunately Obtaining the ( Ph-Ph-Ph ) Short Circuit Current is easier said than done ,

The Earth Fault Loop Impedance ( Zs ) is made up of the Impedance of the Consumers Phase & Protective Conductors ( R1 and R2 )
Respectively , and the Impedance external to the Installation ( Ze ) Impedance of the Supply ,
As the value of ( Ze ) will be obtained from the Electricity Company for the Initial assessment of the Installation ,
The maximum Impedance allowed for the Phase & Protective Conductors can be determined from :
( Zs + Ze + R1 + R2 )

Radial Circuit :
13Amp Immersion heater circuit protected by a Type B 16amp MCB , wired in 2.5mm2 PVC sheathed cable with a 1.5mm2 CPC
Supplied from 230 volt single phase TN-C-S system , what is the maximum length of run ? ( mV 19.51 x A 16 = 31.2m ) 2391 **

If = Uo / Zs : ( 230v Phase to Earth ) 230 ÷ 0.93Ω = 247A

Zs : R1 , 0.5Ω + R2 , 0.43Ω = 0.93Ω

 

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2392-10 Domestic Electrician’s ←←←←←←←←

-&- are asking for : ( Calculating of R1+R2 ) Calculating of MΩ in parallel , look back through the pages , Ps : Earth Electrode Calculating I got 9 off the this , BE AWARE ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ Ambeleaf

 

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2392-10

i) Prospective Short Circuit Current is due to a Fault between Phases on Phase and Neutral :
ii) Prospective Earth Fault Current is due to a Fault between Phase and Earth :

i) Prospective Fault Current : intake position – house , ( PFC = 230 ÷ 0.2 = 1150.A / 1.15kA :
ii) Prospective Fault Current : complex “ Dist , Board “ ( PFC = 230 ÷ 0.46 = 500A / 0.5 kA :

Remember to look through your Cals on the pages , its your Butt on the Line , 2392-10 ←←←
You need to think like a Tester ,

 

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Visual Inspection 0nly :

Until an obvious fault develops, most householders appear to assume that their electrical installations are
safe, and will remain so forever. Even those who appreciate that electrical installations eventually need
to be checked appear reluctant to pay for a full BS-7671-style periodic inspection, except perhaps when
they are buying or selling a property. Therefore, even given the significant limitations of ‘visual inspection
only’ such inspection by a competent person can usefully serve to identify damage, deterioration and, to
some extent, defects, which might otherwise go unnoticed by those using the installations.

in principle, visual inspection of the electrical installation in a dwelling by a competent person is an important part of the assessment of the condition of that installation. Visual inspection can identify damage, deterioration and
some defects in installations. Given the potential benefits, the NICEIC does not consider the practice of ‘visual inspection only’ to be non-compliant with the requirements of BS-7671,
provided that:
The visual inspection is carried out by an electrically competent person with good knowledge and experience of the electrical

installation practices existing at the time the installation was first constructed.

* The inspection is carried out in accordance with all the requirements of BS 7671 that are applicable to visual inspection.
* The limitations of ‘visual inspection only’ are made clear in writing to the person ordering the work.
* No claim is made that ‘visual inspection only’ can or will fully determine whether an installation is safe for continued use.
* An objective report of the findings of the visual inspection is given to the person ordering the work, whether or not specifically requested by that person.
* The scope of the condition report includes all the aspects of the model periodic inspection report given in BS 7671 which are relevant to visual inspection.
* Visual condition reports do not include items that can only be checked with test instruments ( such as the adequacy of earthing arrangements ).
* Any quotation for proposed remedial work is given separately from the visual condition report.
*A full periodic inspection is recommended to the customer if it is suspected that the installation is in an unsafe condition.

 

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THE 17TH EDITION & LOCATIONS CONTAINING ….. ( 2392-10 )

A BATH OR SHOWER

INTRODUCTION
Section 701 of BS7671:2008 The 17th Edition is the new section covering locations containing a
bath or shower. The bathroom regulations Section 601 of the 16th Edition were based on the draft
international standard IEC 364. The 17th Edition has been based on both IEC 364 Section 701 and
the new European harmonised document HD 384 Part 7, within Section 701 of the 17th Edition.
HD 384, Section 701 has been published. The 17th Edition absorbs the regulations in these standards.
As with the 16th Edition, regulations in 701 are specific requirements that add to or modify the general
requirements of Parts 3, 4 & 5. The numbers following the section number relate to the chapter and
sections of the general parts e.g. 701.415.2 supplementary equipotential bonding is an extension of
section 415.2 in Chapter 41.
The scope of Section 701 is the same as the 16th Edition, any location where there is a fixed bath or
shower. This includes communal showers and baths in sports facilities and accommodation buildings,
hotels and similar as well as domestic bathrooms. It does not include emergency showers in industrial
areas or laboratories and medical treatment locations. However, there are no special requirements recorded for medical treatment locations. Electrical Contractors’ Association
KEY FACTSHEET
MAIN CHANGES
OMISSIONS FROM 16TH EDITION
601-01 Zone 3 is deleted.
601-04 Supplementary equipotential bonding is not required provided that all circuits at the location are
protected by a 30 mA RCD and there is continuity between the extraneous-conductive-parts and the
protective equipotential bonding.
601-07 Wiring systems is deleted.
There are no restrictions as to where cables may be installed but any surface enclosures, including
trunking, installed in the zones must have minimum rating IPX4.

ADDITIONS
701.411.3.3 Additional protection by 30 mA RCDs is required for all circuits serving equipment in the location.
701.512.3 Low voltage socket-outlets may be installed, but must be at least 3 m from the zone 1
boundary and protected by a 30 mA RCD.
701.753 Particular requirements for electric floor heating systems.

DETAILS OF REQUIREMENTS
ZONES
701.32.1 The upper height limit of all zones is 2.25 m. Above 2.25 m is outside of all zones.
701.411.3.3 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION BY RCDS
All circuits must be protected by RCDs. A single RCD may protect a group of circuits.

THE 17TH EDITION & LOCATIONS CONTAINING
A BATH OR SHOWER
INTRODUCTION
Section 701 of BS7671:2008 The 17th Edition is the new section covering locations containing a
bath or shower. The bathroom regulations Section 601 of the 16th Edition were based on the draft
international standard IEC 364. The 17th Edition has been based on both IEC 364 Section 701 and
the new European harmonised document HD 384 Part 7, within Section 701 of the 17th Edition.
HD 384, Section 701 has been published. The 17th Edition absorbs the regulations in these standards.
As with the 16th Edition, regulations in 701 are specific requirements that add to or modify the general
requirements of Parts 3, 4 & 5. The numbers following the section number relate to the chapter and
sections of the general parts e.g. 701.415.2 supplementary equipotential bonding is an extension of
section 415.2 in Chapter 41.
The scope of Section 701 is the same as the 16th Edition, any location where there is a fixed bath or
shower. This includes communal showers and baths in sports facilities and accommodation buildings,
hotels and similar as well as domestic bathrooms. It does not include emergency showers in industrial
areas or laboratories and medical treatment locations. However, there are no special requirements
recorded for medical treatment locations.

THE 17TH EDITION & LOCATIONS CONTAINING A BATH OR SHOWER
701.413 ELECTRICAL SEPARATION
May be used as a protective measure for a single item of equipment or a single socket outlet.
Not to be used with electric floor heating systems.

701.414 EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE - SELV OR PELV
All live parts to be insulated or contained within enclosures, minimum IPXXB or IP2X.

701.415 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION SUPPLEMENTARY EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING

Where required, supplementary bonding shall connect protective conductors of each circuit to each other
and to accessible extraneous-conductive-parts. This includes: metal water, gas and waste pipes, metallic
air conditioning and heating systems, accessible structural parts of the building.
Metal door and window frames and similar are not normally extraneous-conductive-parts unless connected
to structural steel.
The bonding does not necessarily have to be in the location. It may be an adjacent room (linen cupboard)
or above a ceiling. It must be accessible for inspection, testing and maintenance.

SUPPLEMENTARY BONDING IS NOT REQUIRED AND MAY BE OMITTED:
(i) where main bonding is provided in accordance with 411.3.1.2, and
(ii) all final circuits meet the required disconnection times 0.4 sec for TN systems, 0.2 sec for TT
systems, and
(iii) all circuits have additional protection by 30 mA RCD, and
(iv) all extraneous-conductive-parts (metal water pipes) in the location are electrically continuous
and effectively connected to the protective equipotential bonding.
Where the main pipework of water distribution and central heating systems are pvc, short sections of
copper pipes connecting taps, radiators and the like are not considered to be extraneous-conductive parts
because they are unlikely to introduce Earth to the location. Supplementary bonding is therefore
not required.
Supplementary equipotential bonding is unlikely to be required on a new installation. It may be required
where alterations and additions are being made to an installation (it may already in place). In this
situation, circuits that are not being affected by the alterations do not require upgrading to meet the
requirements of 701.411.3.3 protection by 30 mA RCD.

701.5 SELECTION AND ERECTION OF EQUIPMENT, SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR

701.512.2 EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
The following does not apply to the switches and controls of fixed current using equipment and the cords
of pull cord switches.
All equipment must be suitable for the zone in which it installed.
Requirement for equipment:
(i) Zone 0 - IPX7
(ii) Zones 1 & 2 IPX 4 (except in Zone 2, shaver sockets to BS EN 61558-2-5 located where
direct spray from showers is unlikely).
(iii) IPX5 anywhere where equipment may be exposed to water jets.
THE 17TH EDITION & LOCATIONS CONTAINING A BATH OR SHOWER
701.512.3 ERECTION OF SWITCHGEAR, CONTROLGEAR AND ACCESSORIES
(i) Zone 0 - no switchgear or accessories are permitted
(ii) Zone 1 - only switches for SELV circuits and equipment - max 12V a.c. rms or 30V ripple free
d.c. may be used. Safety source to be outside zones 0, 1 & 2.
(iii) Zone 2 as (ii) above except, shaver sockets to BS EN 61558-2-5 may be fitted.
(iv) 13 amp socket-outlets may be installed, must be at least 3 m from the zone 1 boundary.
13 Amp socket outlets may be
installed 3m horizontally from the
boundary of Zone 1 and must be
protected by a 30mA RCD
*Zone 1 if the space is accessible without the use of a tool.
Spaces under the bath accessible only with the use of a tool
are outside the zones.
OR SHOWER
701.55 CURRENT-USING EQUIPMENT
In zone 0 current-using equipment must
(i) comply with the relevant product standard
(ii) be suitable for use in Zone 0
(iii) installed to manufacturer’s instructions
(iv) be fixed and permanently connected
(v) SELV not exceeding 12 V a.c. rms or 30 V ripple-free d.c. Safety source to be outside Zone 0,1 & 2
In zone 1 current-using equipment must
(i) be fixed and permanently connected
(ii) be suitable for use in Zone 1
(iii) installed according to manufacturer’s instructions
Equipment that may be installed
(i) Whirlpool units
(ii) Electric showers
(iii) Shower pumps
(iv) Equipment protected by SELV or PELV nominal voltage not exceeding 25 V a.c. rms or 60 V
ripple-free d.c.
Safety source to be outside Zone 0,1 & 2
(v) Ventilation equipment
(vi) Towel rails

(vii) Water heaters
(viii) Luminaires
In zone 2 current-using equipment must be
(i) permanently connected, the means of connection must be outside of zone 2
(ii) suitable for use in a location containing a bath or shower
(iii) installed according to manufacturer’s instructions

701.753 ELECTRIC FLOOR HEATING SYSTEMS
Heating cables and thin sheet heating elements must:
(i) comply with relevant product standards
(ii) have a metal sheath, or
(iii) have a metal enclosure, or
(iv) be covered with a fine metal mesh.
Unless the protective measure SELV is applied, metal sheaths, enclosures and grids must be
connected to the circuit cpcs
The protective measure ‘electrical separation’ is not permitted

RCD Ratings :

The rating of an RCD has nothing to do with its ability to handle the current to the appliance or the circuit protected, but is the value of residual current at which it will operate. Thus, an RCD in a typical domestic situation may well be able to switch off the load current of 40A but be rated at a residual current of 30mA ( thirty thousandths of an ampere ). RCDs are made with a wide range of ratings, but by far the most common are 30mA and 100mA

 

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BS 1362 specifies breaking-time/current characteristics only for fuses with a current rating of 3 A (marked in red ) or 13 A (marked in brown ). Examples for the required breaking-time ranges are

• For 3 A fuses: 0.02–80 s at 9 A, < 0.1 s at 20 A and < 0.03 s at 30 A.
• For 13 A fuses: 1–400 s at 30 A, 0.1–20 s at 50 A and 0.01–0.2 s at 100 A.

3 A fuses are intended mainly for small load (< 750 W) appliances, such as radios and lights. 13 A fuses are for larger load (<3.2 kW) appliances such as heating and heavy-duty electric motors , .

BS 1362 requires that plug fuses with any other current rating are marked in black. 5 A fuses are also commonly used, for medium load (1250 W max.)

Syntax Error :
Appears when the figures are entered in the wrong order ,
x2 ↔ Multiplies a number by itself , i.e. 6 x 6 = 36 , on the calculator this would be 6 x2 = 36 , when a number is
multiplied by itself it is said to be Squared ,

x3 ↔ multiplied a number by itself and then the total by itself again i.e. when we enter 4 on calculator x3 = 64 .
when a number is multiplied in this way it is said to be Cubed :

√ ↔ Gives the number which achieves your total by bring multiplied by itself i.e. √ 36 = 6 This is said to be the Square root
of a number and is the opposite of Squared :

3√ ↔ Gives the number which when multiplied by itself three times will be the total , 3√ 64 = 4 this is said to be the Cube root ,

Brackets :
these should be used to carry out a calculation , within a calculation .
Example calculation :
………. 32
( 0.8 x 0.65 x 0.94 )
Enter into calculation 32 ÷ ( 0.8 x 0.65 x 0.94 ) = ?

 

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Utilising the Fault Current 17th Edition : ( Table 41.2 ) Revision :

Sticking with our light circuit scenario and assuming that the light circuit is protected by a 5 amp re-wireable type fuse then the maximum allowable earth fault loop impedance given by BS-7671 wiring regulations is 9.58Ω. This value is for the total resistance in the fault loop described above.

Ohms Law : it is fundamental to electrical design and I will show you why. Ohms Law states that when current flows through a load or Résistance then the voltage that you can measure across the load will be equal to the product of the Résistance and current.

Simply, VOLTAGE = RESISTANCE X CURRENT which is normally shortened to V=IR or I=V/R or R=V/I (/ means divided by for non-mathematic persons )

We can now use Ohms Law to calculate the fault current for our maximum earth fault loop impedance of 9.58Ω that we extracted from the wiring regulations knowing that the supply voltage to our house is 230V.

Using I=V/R we have I = 230V ÷ 9.58Ω and a few taps of the calculator gives the current as 24 amps.

Thus, 24 amps of current is going to flow through a 5 amp fuse. The fuse wire gets hot, melts and breaks the circuit. So we have an Automatic Disconnection of Supply or ADS.

Basic Protection :

Protection against electric shock under fault free conditions. (I.E. provision of insulation on wires and plastic covers on equipment)
Used to be referred to as Direct Contact which was the contact of persons or livestock with live parts which may result in electric shock. Basically, if live parts are such as conductors and terminals are protected by insulation (basic protection) then a person cannot come into direct contact with lethal voltages.

Residual Current Device: 2392-10

When you turn an appliance on such as a cooker, it places a load on the electrical circuit and current flows through the load which provides the heat. Current flows down the live or LINE conductor and returns along the NEUTRAL conductor back to the origin of the supply.

The current that returns up the neutral from the load should equal the current that flows down the line to the load.

If there is a difference in theses currents then current is being 'lost' somewhere and this will be a leakage to earth. If this leakage to earth is via you then you may be receiving an electric shock.

The RCD cleverly monitors the current flowing out and the current flowing back and if they differ by an amount determined by the rating of the RCD then it automatically disconnects the supply.

RCDs used to protect sockets and wiring in an domestic installation are rated at 30mA (milli amps).

Apprentice :
Continuity in the protective earth conductor.

There are no breaks so for instance, the earth connection on the last light point in the circuit is continuous right back the main earth terminal back at the consumer unit.

Continuity in ring circuits.

To avoid cable being overloaded it is important that the ring is unbroken.

Insulation Resistance.

Checks to ensure that there are no breakdowns in insulation between live conductor and live conductors and the earth conductor. This test will pick up cable damaged during installation. The circuits are tested at a DC voltage of 500V. ( or 250v d.c SELV / PELV - check table 61 regs ,

Polarity

That there Line, Neutral and Earth conductors are all correctly connected at sockets and light outlets. (check that single pole switches are installed in the Line and not the Neutral)

Earth Loop Fault Impedance

This tests the resistance to a fault current due to a short occurring between Line and Earth. If the resistance is too high a dangerous shock voltage would exist.

Prospective Fault Current

This is the value of current that can flow in your wiring in a fault condition. Values can range from 1000 amps to 16000 amps. circuit breakers and fuses have sufficient rating to interrupt the current.
Operating time for Residual Current Devices (RCDs RCBOs).
We test a 50% of the current rating to check that they do not trip.
We test at 100% and 500% of current rating and record the operating time is within specified limits. If the device does not operate within limits then you could get a shock when you chop your cable with your lawn mower!

Earth Electrode Resistance

This only applies if you do not have an earth connection supplied by the electricity supplier and the earth is provided by a rod driven into the ground. Usually found in more rural locations and known as a TT supply.

How Building Regulations now affect Domestic Electrical Installations : 2392-10

Stay legal with the Building Regulations :

Building Regulations are statutory and you can be prosecuted for failing to comply with them. Failure to comply is in fact a criminal offence.

Building Regulations 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 2531 are made under powers provided in the Building Act 1984 and applies in England & Wales.

The purpose of the Building Regulations is to provide for the Health & Safety of people in and around buildings and also provide for matters such as energy conservation, access and use.

Regulation 4 of the Building Regulations 2000 as amended requires that

4.(1) Building work will be carried out so that:
(a) it complies with the applicable requirements contained in Schedule 1 (Parts A to P); and
(b) in complying with any such requirement there is no failure to comply with any other requirement.
(2) Building work shall be carried out so that after it has been completed:
(a) any building which is extended or to which material alteration is made; or

(b) any building in, or in connection with, which a controlled service or fitting is provided, extended or materially altered; or

(c) any controlled service or fitting complies with applicable requirements of Schedule 1 (Parts A to P) or, where it did not comply with any such requirement, is no more unsatisfactory in relation to that requirement than before the work was carried out.
Amendment No. 2 to the Building Regulations introduced Part P complete with a definition of Electrical Installation

Part P Electrical Safety (Schedule 1 to Building Regulations) - Requirement
Design and installation

P1. Reasonable provision shall be made in the design and installation of electrical installations in order to protect persons operating, maintaining or altering the installations from fire or injury.
Limits of application
The requirements of this part apply only to electrical installations that are intended to operate at Low – Voltage or Extra Low Voltage and are:

(a) in or attached to a dwelling

(b) in the common parts of a building serving one or more dwellings, but excluding power supplied to lifts

(c) in a building that receives its electricity from a source located within or shared with a dwelling; and

(d) in a garden or in or on land associated with a building where the electricity is from a source located within or shared with a dwelling.

So what do these regulations mean where domestic electrical work is concerned ?
Firstly, that electrical work in dwellings is now a controlled service under building regulations because Part P of Schedule 1 sets out the requirement P1 as detailed above which means that failure to satisfy the requirements is an offence.

Secondly, for electrical work you use the guidance offered in Approved Document P , Electrical Safety – Dwellings , for the purpose of complying with P1. Furthermore, the guidance advises that the requirement of P1 will be met by adherence to the 'Fundamental Principles' for achieving safety given in BS-7671 chapter 13 so effectively giving a statutory status to BS -7671.
Thirdly, you must also take into account other parts of schedule 1 which will be invoked by activities carried during electrical installation work.

These are:
Part A - Structure
Depth of chases in walls and sizes of holes and notches in joists

Part B - Fire Safety
Provision of fire alarm and fire detection systems, fire resistance of penetrations through floors and walls

Part C - Site Preparation
Resistance to moisture of cable penetrations through walls

Part E - Resistance to Passage of Sound
Installations must not degrade the resistance of passage to sound in the building

Part F - Ventilation
When adding extractor fans

Part L1 - Conservation of Fuel and Power
Lighting systems to be supplied with appropriate lamps and controls so that energy can be used efficiently

Part M - Access and facilities for the disabled
Heights of switches and socket outlets.

For example - you live in a flat with another flat above you. You decide to have some downlighters fitted into the ceiling of your lounge.

Account must be taken of Part B - Fire Safety regarding fire resistance as the ceiling will be penetrated to fit the downlighters thus weakening the fire barrier and resistance to the spread of fire.

Also Part E - Resistance to Passage of Sound must be observed as the ceiling provides an acoustic barrier.
To deal with this particular installation problem there are available on the market fire rated mains and low voltage downlighters which comply with both Part B and E requirements.

 

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2392-10
*Applicable with effect from the 1st July 2008 when new 17th edition of BS-7671 ,

Defects in the existing installation that effect the safety of the alteration or addition must be made good.

Most likely Defects to be found which will affect New Work

No : Main Protective Bonding Conductor :
No : Supplementary Protective Bonding Conductors ( where Required ) in bathroom but now requires RCD protection*
No : RCD Protection on sockets*
No : RCD Protection for buried cables in walls*

Alternating Current (AC)

The mains supply current waveform is a sine wave which has the form , ↔ One Cycle ↔ It repeats 50 cycles every second which using the international symbol for frequency is written as 50 Hz
Amplitude / Time !!!!

Fault finding & Breakdowns :
Electrical fault finding by it's very nature is a process of elimination.

Firstly the customer reporting the fault will be asked some seemingly simple questions such as what happened ?, when did it happen? What usually happens? What isn't happening now etc.

Then an inspection will take place looking for signs of wear and tear, mechanical damage to cables or accessories, signs of overheating, corrosion, burning and even listening for strange noises from equipment etc.

If the problem is not evident after the initial visual check then some electrical testing will have to take place in order to find the fault in the hidden cables. This can be a time consuming process and will mean isolation of the supply for a time.
Once the fault is identified it can then be rectified. This may mean a new component or accessory or even replacement of the faulty cable.

RCDs : Apprentices’ ,

One of the major changes in the 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations is the requirement of RCD's to protect circuits where the cables are buried in walls at a depth of less than 50mm and not mechanically protected. In a domestic property this is likely to include most if not all the circuits.

So what exactly is an RCD ?

An RCD is an electrical safety device specially designed to immediately switch the electricity off when electricity "leaking" to earth is detected at a level harmful to a person using electrical equipment. An RCD offers a high level of personal protection from electric shock. Fuses or overcurrent circuit breakers do not offer the same level of personal protection against faults involving current flow to earth. Circuit breakers and fuses provide equipment and installation protection and operate only in response to an electrical overload or short circuit. Short circuit current flow to earth via an installation's earthing system causes the circuit breaker to trip, or fuse to blow, disconnecting the electricity from the faulty circuit. However, if the electrical resistance in the earth fault current path is too high to allow a circuit breaker to trip (or fuse to blow), electricity can continue to flow to earth for an extended time. RCDs (with or without an overcurrent device) detect a very much lower level of electricity flowing to earth and immediately switch the electricity off.

RCDs have another important advantage - they reduce the risk of fire by detecting electrical leakage to earth in electrical wiring and accessories. This is particularly significant in older installations.

How they Work :

RCDs work on the principle "What goes in must come out". They operate by continuously comparing the current flow in both the Active (supply) and Neutral (return) conductors of an electrical circuit.
If the current flow becomes sufficiently unbalanced, some of the current in the Active conductor is not returning through the Neutral conductor and is leaking to earth.

RCDs are designed to operate within 10 to 50 milliseconds and to disconnect the electricity supply when they sense harmful leakage, typically 30 milliamps.

The sensitivity and speed of disconnection are such that any earth leakage will be detected and automatically switched off before it can cause injury or damage. Analyses of electrical accidents show the greatest risk of electric shock results from contact between live parts and earth.

Contact with earth occurs through normal body contact with the ground or earthed metal parts. An RCD will significantly reduce the risk of electric shock, however, an RCD will not protect against all instances of electric shock. If a person comes into contact with both the Active and Neutral conductors while handling faulty plugs or appliances causing electric current to flow through the person's body, this contact will not be detected by the RCD unless there is also a current flow to earth.

On a circuit protected by an RCD, if a fault causes electricity to flow from the Active conductor to earth through a person's body, the RCD will automatically disconnect the electricity supply, avoiding the risk of a potentially fatal shock.

Examples of equipment recommended to be protected by a RCD:

• Hand held electric power tools, such as drills, saws and similar equipment.
• Tools such as jack-hammers, electric lawn mowers.
• Equipment on construction sites.
• Equipment such as appliances which move while in operation, such as vacuum cleaners and floor polishers.
• Appliances in wet areas such as kitchens, including kettles, jugs, frying pans, portable urns, food mixers/blenders.
• Hand held appliances such as hair dryers, curling wands, electric knives etc.
• Cord extension leads.

PAT (Portable Appliance Testing)
Inspecting & Testing will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulations and publications:

Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 :
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 :
The Code of Practice for In-service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 :

Basic fault finding :

Lighting circuits which won't reset.
A common fault is a short circuit on the bulb holder which can get damaged by heat which also makes the cable brittle and then the insulation fails.

unscrew the plastic ceiling rose to check for any signs of corrosion on the wires possibly as a result of some dampness

.2392-10

Possible rewireable fusebox upgrades may also bring to the home owners attention, common hazards such as that of a lighting circuit which DOES NOT have a earth. Where metallic switches ( brass silver etc..) or metallic light fittings are present, there is a risk of electric shock under earth fault conditions.

***URGENT ATTENTION*** is therefore a recommendation.

Also the requirement of 10mm main equipotential earth bonds to gas mains / water mains

2392-10 : Wording for Clients Amber ,

Before
consumer units/fuseboards do not meet current British Standards. This can be due to visible damage e.g., broken fuse carriers, no residual circuit device (RCD) protection, no capacity for additional circuits (requires more circuit ways), or the consumer unit has a wooden back which can be a fire hazard or cable joints which are not terminated properly and are live and exposed. This can be a major factor in causing an electrical fire.

After
consumer units which DO meet British Standards. These consumer units are protected by an RCD (Residual Current Device) which will give you better protection to accommodate the upgrade along with the necessary MCBs (mini circuit breakers) to suit. This gives overload and short circuit protection for the final circuits, as well as the capability of disconnecting a faulty circuit at a faster tripping time

PSCC is Measured as 0.09 Ohm then at a voltage of 230V a fault current of 2555.5A will flow. ( 230 ÷ 0.09 = 2555.6A )

 

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All Main Protective Bonding Conductors are Tested for Continuity.

This is of course done with the System off-Line. You NEVER, EVER, Disconnect Main Protective Bonding Conductors on a Live Installation !

The Résistance of these Conductors should as Low as Possible.

Different classifications of MCB will give different results.

Type 1 requires between 2.7 and 4 times overload current to trip inrequired time. Type 2 requires 4-7 times and type B 3 - 5 times. In all cases you should assume that your MCB is on the upper limit.

* Overload Current can be caused when a) → Excessive mechanical load is applied to an electrical motor← b) a forward/reverse controller attempts to switch a motor to both directions simultaneously c) contamination of a motor terminal bock results in tracking d) an electrician drill through a busbar chamber and touches a live busbar with the drill.

* Current Co-ordination between Conductors and Overcurrent Protection Device is Achieved when a) → In is not less than Ib ← b) In is greater than Iz c) the current causing effect operation (Iz) exceeds 1.45 I2 d) Ib > Iz

* Fireman's Emergency Switches are Provided for the Switching off of a) factory low voltage burglar alarm systems b) interior low voltage discharge lighting systems c) → exterior lighting systems exceeding low voltage ← d) factory fire alarm circuits operating at low voltage.

1 a , 2 a , 3 c Regulation 537.6.3

11 Final ring-circuit wiring can be described as the wiring between a) The cutout-fuse and the electric meter b) the main switch and distribution board c) the distribution board and current using equipment d) the supply cut-out fuse and the remotest point of utilization. 12 A ring final sub-circuit is run in pvc conduit. How many single core cables are required? a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 14 An earth conductor is connected to the supply sheath of a lead armoured cable at a hospital intake. Is this system a) TT b) TN-C c) TN-S d) TN-C-S 15 An electric fire having an element exposed to touch would allow the risk of an electric shock by a) prospective contact b) earthing contact c) indirect contact d) direct contact. 18 An extra-low-voltage system is electrically separated from earth is called a) F.E.L.V. b) **** S.E.L.V. c) non-conducting d) earth free.

11 c : 12 , 6 (2 x brown ) (2 x cpc ) (2 x blue ) : 14 c TN-S see page 33 : BS 7671:2008 : 15 d direct contact 18 definitions , p-29

4 A d.c. voltage of 120V between conductors is classified as being a) extra-low voltage b) Low-voltage c) Reduced-low-voltage d) S.E.L.V.
6 Which of the following describes a TN-C-S system a) earthing is independent of the supply cable b) the consumers earth terminal is connected to the incoming cable sheath c) protective and neutral conductors are combined d) supply system has no earth
8 Which of the following is NOT a classification of external influences? a) Current rating b) Environmental conditions c) Construction of a building d) Utilization.
10 An electrical installation should be arranged in such a way as to avoid hazards in the event of a fault and to allow safe operation, maintenance and testing when required. One method of complying with this is to a) Connect all circuits as radial circuits b) Connect all circuits as ring final sub-circuits c) Divide the installation into separate circuits d) divide the installation into categories of circuits

4 b see Part 2 definitions 'low voltage' : 6 c TN-C-S : p – 33 : 8 a refer to appendix 5 BS 7671:2008 p – 318 : 10 c see Regulation 314.1.

The principle of SELV is that by reducing the voltage to 50V or below the risk of electric shock is reduced and additionally with SELV the equipment supplied through a BS-EN 61558-1 transformer will have no return path to the source given that there is no connection to earth. Regulations within BS 7671 regarding the use of SELV as a protective measure can be found in Chapter 41 specifically regulation 414.1 / 414.4.5

Insulation Resistance :

* Before testing check:
* Pilot or indicator lamps should be disconnected
* Voltage sensitive equipment should be removed, such as dimmer switches, timers, controllers, starters and RCDs*
* Lamps should be removed
* There is no electrical connection between any phase, neutral or protective conductor
Insulation Resistance Method
* Set the instrument to the Megohms scale

* MΩ (Millions of ohms)
* Test voltage 500v

* Readings should be 1.0MΩ but should be investigated below 2 MΩ

Insulation Resistance
* Test between the phase and neutral conductors connected together and earth at the consumer unit

* For circuits containing 2 way or 2 way and intermediate, switched must be operated one at a time and the circuits subjected to an additional test

Insulation Resistance
* Conducted to detect short circuits and high resistances in circuits

* Considered a ‘pressure test’, putting approximately twice the nominal voltage through a completed circuit

Zero or Null leads

* When measuring the resistance of a length of cable, we must take into account the resistance of the leads
* Null the leads
* If it is an older instrument, we need to take the reading of the leads and subtract it from the total reading of the measured length of cable

 

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Dimmer Buzzing :

If you hook up a really cheap dimmer switch, you may notice a strange buzzing noise. This comes from vibrations in the bulb filament caused by the chopped-up current coming from the triac.
you know that electricity flowing through a coiled length of wire generates a substantial magnetic field, and fluctuating current generates a fluctuating magnetic field. If you've read How light Bulbs work , you know that the filament at the heart of a light bulb is just a coiled length of wire. It makes sense, then, that this coiled filament becomes magnetic whenever you pass current through it, and the magnetic field fluctuates with the AC current.

Normal undulating AC current fluctuates gradually, so the magnetic field does, too. The chopped-up current from a dimmer switch, on the other hand, jumps in voltage suddenly whenever the triac becomes conductive. This sudden shift in voltage changes the magnetic field abruptly, which can cause the filament to vibrate -- it's rapidly drawn to and repelled by the metal arms holding it in place. In addition to producing a soft buzzing sound, the abruptly shifting magnetic field will generate weak radio signals that can cause interference on nearby TVs or radios !

Better dimmer switches have extra components to squelch the buzzing effect. Typically, the dimmer circuit includes an inductor choke, a length of wire wrapped around an iron core, and an additional interference capacitor. Both devices can temporarily store electrical charge and release it later. This "extra current" works to smooth out the sharp voltage jumps caused by the triac-switching to reduce buzzing and radio interference.

Some high-end dimmer switches, such as the ones commonly used in stage lighting, are built around an autotransformer instead of a triac. The autotransformer dims the lights by stepping down the voltage flowing to the light circuit. A movable tap on the autotransformer adjusts the step-down action to dim the lights to different levels. Since it doesn't chop up the AC current, this method doesn't cause the same buzzing as a triac switch.

There are a lot of other dimmer switch varieties out there, including touchpad dimmers and photoelectric dimmers, which monitor the total light level in a room and adjust the dimmer accordingly. Most of these are built around the same simple idea -- chopping up AC current to reduce the total energy powering a light bulb. At the most basic level, that's all there is to it.

Some high-end dimmer switches, such as the ones commonly used in stage lighting, are built around an autotransformer instead of a triac. The autotransformer dims the lights by stepping down the voltage flowing to the light circuit. A movable tap on the autotransformer adjusts the step-down action to dim the lights to different levels. Since it doesn't chop up the AC current, this method doesn't cause the same buzzing as a triac switch.

There are a lot of other dimmer switch varieties out there, including touchpad dimmers and photoelectric dimmers, which monitor the total light level in a room and adjust the dimmer accordingly. Most of these are built around the same simple idea -- chopping up AC current to reduce the total energy powering a light bulb. At the most basic level, that's all there is to it.


* An inductor is about as simple as an electronic component can get -- it is simply a coil of wire. It turns out, however, that a coil of wire can do some very interesting things because of the magnetic properties of a coil :
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read , then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them.

Incandescent lamp physics

A typical incandescent lamp take power and uses it to heat up a filament until it will start to radiate light. In the process about 10% of the energy is converted to visible light. When the lamp is first turned on, the resistance of the cold filament can be 29 times lower than it's warm resistance. This characteristic is good in terms of quick warmup times, but it means that even 20 times the steady-state current will be drawn for the first few milliseconds of operation. Lamp manufacturers quote a typical figure for cold lamp resistance of 1/17 th of the operational resistance, although inrush currents are generally only ten times the operational current when such things as cable and supply impedance are taken into account. The semiconductors, wiring, and fusing of the dimmer must be designed with this inrush current in mind. The inrush current characteristic of incandescent (tungsten filament) lamps is somewhat similar to the surge characteristic of the typical thyristors made for power controlling, making them a quite good match. The typical ten times steady state ratings which apply to both from a cold start allow many triacs to switch lamps with current ratings close to their own steady state ratings.

Because lamp filament has a finite mass, it take some time (depending on lamp size) to reach the operating temperature and give full light output. This delay is perceived as a "lag", and limtis how quicly effect lighting can be dimmed up. In theatrical application those problems are reduced using preheat (small current flows through lamp to keep it warm when it is dimmed out).

The ideal lamp would produce 50% light output at 50% power input. Unfortunately, incandescents aren't even close that. Most require at least 15% power to come on at all, and afterwards increase in intensity at an exponential rate.

To make thing even more complicated, the human eye perceives light intensity as a sort of inverse-log curve. The relation of the the phase control value (triac turn on delay after zero cross) and the power applied to the light bulb is very non-linear. To get around those problems, most theatrical light dimmer manufacturers incorporate proprietary intensity curves in their control circuits to attempt to make selected intensity more closely approximate perceived intensity.

“ Resistance Ohmmeters “

Once a month, take a measurement of each Resistor. Over a period of time, show how the instrument is performing , ( Set of low-value resisters )

i.) Low-resistance ohmmeters A set of suitable resistors could be used to assess the instrument; suitable values could be 0.5 Ohms , 0.1 Ohms and 10 Ohms

i.) High-Résistance ( Insulation Résistance ) Ohmmeters A set of suitable Resistors could be used to assess the Instrument; suitable values could be 0.5MΩ 1.0MΩ and 10MΩ.

The Resistor values chosen merely reflect common bands of Résistance that are generally encountered when Testing Electrical Installations. Other values of Résistance, indeed, greater numbers of Resistors, could be used to assess Résistance Ohmmeters across the spectrum of Résistance.

“ Each Resistor on a Connector block ( Test your Instrument ) “

 

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Wiring Regulations in brief :

The Building Regulations , Part P ( which is based on the Fundamental Principles set out in Chapter 13 , BS-7671:2008 ,
In addition , all fixed electrical installations ( i.e. wiring and appliance fixed to the Building fabric such as Socket-Outlets ,
Switches , Consumer Units , and Ceiling fittings ) must now be designed , installed , Inspection , Tested and Certified to BS-7671

Part P of the Building Regulations also introduces the requirement for the cable core colours of all a.c. power circuits to align with BS-7671

Note : Part P only applies to fixed electrical installations that are intended to Operate at Low-Voltage or Extra-Low-Voltage which are not controlled by the Electricity Supply Regulations 1988 as Amended , or the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 as Amended ,

Why dead tests ?

* Dead tests are performed on an installation prior to energisation
* A dead test will, if carried out correctly, identify faults with a circuit or installation that may be dangerous when energised ,




High value of prospective short circuit current can vary dramatically due to small changes in impedance.

Example: V = Z x I
Therefore: I = 230/0.03 = 7666 Amps
OR: I = 230/0.01 = 23 000 Amps
Notice the vast change in current for a very minor difference in impedance. Obtaining accuracy at very
low impedances is very difficult and a high current is required.

Electrical measuring instruments : ?

( V ) ↔ ( Iv )
R → Ir
( A ) → I

Voltmeter current Iv = V ÷ Rv = 60 ÷ 500 = 0.12A
Resistor current Ir = I – Iv = 5 sub 0.12 amperes = 4.88A
True Value = V ÷ Ir = 60 ÷ 4.88 ohms = 12.3Ω

An alternative method for the second part of this exercise is to consider that the apparent resistor value , 12Ω
Consists of the voltmeter Résistance , 500Ω , in parallel with the unknown resistor R ,

1 ÷ 12 = 1 ÷ 500 + 1/ R
1 / R = 1 ÷ 12 = 1 ÷ 500 = 500 – 12 ( 500 x 12 ,

Therefore : R = 500 x 12 ohms = 6000 ohms
…………………500 – 12 ………. 488 ……...... 12.3Ω

In practice, the most common instances of faulty earthing are:

* Earth connections broken accidentally or corroded through age.
* Earth connections incorrectly made.
* Earth connections not made at all.
* Earth connections removed for some specific purpose and not reinstated.

Double Insulated Equipment: Definitions , p-21

Class II electrical equipment has all exposed metalwork separated from the conductors by two layers of insulation, so that the metalwork cannot become live. There is no earth connection and the operator's safety depends upon the integrity of the two layers of insulation.

PAT , Testing ,
Visual Checks on Hand-Held Portable Equipment Before Use :

Cable :
Signs of mechanical damage, overheating or corrosion
Hardening of outer insulation
Kinking of cable
Coiling of long lengths of cable
A situation where future mechanical damage or corrosion is likely

Plug :
Wires connected to correct terminals and of the correct length
Un-insulated ends of wires completely covered by the screws
Securing screws suitably tight
Fuse of correct rating fitted

Equipment :
Metal casing damaged
Grommet, or other protection at place where cable passes through the casing, damaged or missing
Plastic casing of double insulated equipment damaged
Damaged or defective switches

Note:
An RCD only protects against a Phase to Earth, or a Neutral to Earth fault. It does not protect against a Phase to Neutral fault.

Load Factor

The ratio of the energy actually consumed by a lighting installation over a specified period of time to the energy that would have been consumed had the lighting installation always been operating during the period of time.

Certification

BS 7671 (The Wiring Reguations) states that on completion, all electrical work must be inspected and tested to verify the installation prior to it being energized. A record of this process must be produced in the form of a certificate.

2392-10 rewires ,


Chasing

Electric cables are generally run under floorboards, in the loft and in walls to the electrical accessories. This means that any cables that need to run up or down a solid wall need to be ‘chased in’. Chasing in involves cutting a channel around 25mm wide and 25mm deep into the wall using a special power tool.
Cavity Walls

Some internal walls are not solid but are plasterboard cavity walls. These walls cannot be chased in the conventional way so an alternative method is used. This involves creating holes in the wall at intervals to enable the running of the cables down or up to an accessory.
Floorboards

In order to install cables under floors, carpets will need to be rolled back and the floorboards will have to be lifted. Sometimes the full length of a floorboard cannot be lifted and so it will be cut so that a smaller piece can be removed. Obviously, this would not be done without consulting the homeowner first. Once the cables are in position the board would then be replaced and refixed.
Moving Furniture

Obviously in an inhabited house. There is lots of furniture which could get in the way of access to walls, floorboards etc. It is the homeowners responsibility to move any furniture, beds and the like away from the areas where they are intending to have an electrical accessory. If this is not possible then it can be moved by the electrician. This is an extra to the rewire quote and is charged at an hourly rate. No liability is accepted for any damages to the furniture incurred during this process.

Dust and debris

The processes of chasing walls, making holes and lifting floorboards creates dust and mess and the homeowner must be aware of this. This is kept to a minimum when chasing using a dust extraction system and the liberal use of dust sheets to protect floor coverings. Any dust and debris will be hovered up and removed by the electrician after each days work.

Making Good

Once the whole house has been rewired any chases will need to be filled with plaster and any wholes filled. The homeowner will need the services of a plasterer to do this or alternatively the electrician can do it. This is charged at an hourly rate and would not be to a professional plasterers standard.
Second Fix

The final job to be done, once the plaster has dried, is connect all the electrical accessories and install the customers consumer unit (Fuse board). Then transfer the supply from the old installation to the new. At this point any old accessories and wiring would be removed and the chases left by them filled once again with plaster.

RCDs
have another important advantage - they reduce the risk of fire by detecting electrical leakage to earth in electrical wiring and accessories. This is particularly significant in older installations.

( diversity on domestic cookers is to take the load as 10A plus 30% of the remainder of the actual maximum load, then add a further 5A if there is a socket on the cooker unit )

Q: Do I need to carry out an external fault loop impedance (ze) test? Can I just use the declared values from the distributor ? :

A: A direct reading of Ze is always required. This test establishes that the intended means of earthing is actually present. The distributors’ declared values only give an indication of the maximum Ze that would normally be expected on their networks. It doesn’t guarantee that there is not a problem. For instance the earthing

 

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Fundamental Requirements for safety :

The following is a list of basic requirements

1) use good workmanship ,
2) Use approved materials and equipment ,
3) Ensure that the correct type , size and current- carrying capacity of cables are chosen ,
4) Ensure that equipment is suitable for maximum power demanded of it ,
5) Make sure that conductors are insulated , and sheathed or protected if necessary , or are placed in a position to prevent danger ,
6) Joints and connections should be properly constructed to be mechanically and electrically sound ,
7) Always provide overcurrrent protection for every circuit in an installation ( the protection for the whole installation is usually
Provided by the distribution Network Operator , ( DNO ) and ensure that protective devices are suitably chosen for there location and duty they have to perform ,
8) Where there is a chance of metalwork becoming live owing to a fault , it should be earthed , and the circuit concerned should
Be protected by an overcurrent device or a residual current device ( RCD )
9) Ensure that all necessary bonding of services is carried out ,
10) Do not place a fuse , a switch or a circuit breaker , unless it is linked switch or circuit breaker , in an earthed neutral conductor ,
The linked type must be arranged to break all the line conductors ,
11) All single-pole switches must be wired in the line conductor only ,
12) A readily accessible and effective means of isolation must be provided so that all voltage may be cut off from an installation or any of its circuits ,
13) All motors must have a readily accessible means of disconnection ,
14) Ensure that any item of equipment which may normally need operating or attending by persons is accessible and easily operated ,
15) Any equipment required to be installed in a situation exposed to weather or corrosion , or in explosive or volatile environments , should be of the correct type for such adverse conditions ,
16) Before adding to or altering an installation , ensure that such work will not impair any part of the existing installation and that
The existing is in safe condition to accommodate the addition ,
17) After completion of an installation or an alteration to an installation , the work must be inspected and tested to ensure ,
As far as reasonably practicable , that the fundamental requirements for safety have be met ,

Re-vision : Apprentices

* A visual test will also be needed if the test has been carried out to the front of the sockets, and not behind
them, i.e., removing the faceplate screws and testing from behind.

There are 2 methods that can be adopted when conducting a polarity test. These are described below.

Method 1 :
This method is exactly the same as test method one for ‘Continuity Of Protective Conductors’ if we take
a lighting circuit , figure 1, by putting a temporary link between phase and cpc, at the consumers unit and our instrument at lamp holders themselves, we are creating a circuit. When we operate the light switch, the instrument
changes, and then changes back to the original reading on operation of the switch again. If the reading did
not change, then the switch is likely to be connected in the Neutral. ↔ ( Not good! ) ↔ With a little foresight this could be carried out at the same time as the continuity test. The only difference being, for radial circuits every point must be tested.
The main benefit with this is it allows you to conduct (2 ) tests at the same time, polarity and R1 + R2.

( 2392-10 -&- ↔ for radial circuits every point must be tested. )

Method 2
This method, like wise is similar to test 2 of the continuity test, we simply use a wander lead as the return lead.
There is little use for this method, within the polarity test. Method 1 is less clumsy, and is far more flexible and useful.
(see figure 2).

A Note on radial socket outlets
We have covered ring final circuits, but radial final circuits involving sockets can prove to be little more involved.
Why ? You may ask, well simply because doing a polarity check using method 1, will not uncover a phase to cpc reversal. If the phase and cpc were reversed at the socket, the instrument will still
provide a reading (Figure 3). It will however tell you if you have a phase to neutral reversal ( you wouldn’t have a reading at the socket ). So what can we do to expose a phase – cpc reversal? We can simply link the phase and neutral together at the board, and put our instrument across phase and neutral at the socket, if the cpc and
phase have been reversed, then no reading will be recorded on the instrument. This one takes a while to get your head around ,

Test Method 1 : figure 1

1. Create a temporary link between the phase and the CPC within the consumer unit
2. At each point on the circuit, connect the low resistance ohmmeter to the phase and CPC
3. Operate the switches

Test Method 2 : figure 2).
1. Connect the wander lead to the phase conductor at the furthest point at each point on the circuit ,
2. Connect the low resistance ohmmeter to the phase conductor within the consumer unit
3. Operate the switches

Figure 3 :
Reversed Phase and CPC at socket outlet

 

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Re: Section - 301- Questions - Testing ,

Passing an ECS Health and Safety Assessment is ↔ Compulsory ↔
→→→ For all you Chaps Renewing you ( J.I.B. Card ) ←←← 13 . 11 . 09

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC :


SOLAR ELECTRICITY
The panels produce direct current (DC) which is converted to alternating current (AC) by an inverter so it can be used by appliances in the home. These systems can either be connected to the national electricity grid, or connected to a battery.

THE GENERAL INFORMATION ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

“Photovoltaic” is a marriage of two words: “photo”, from Greek roots, meaning light, and “voltaic”, from “volt”, which is the unit used to measure electric potential at a given point.

Photovoltaic systems use cells to convert solar radiation into electricity. The cell consists of one or two layers of a semi-conducting material. When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of the light, the greater the flow of electricity is.

The most common semi conductor material used in photovoltaic cells is silicon, an element most commonly found in sand. There is no limitation to its availability as a raw material as silicon is the second most abundant material in the Earth’s mass.

A photovoltaic system therefore does not need bright sunlight in order to operate. It can also generate electricity on cloudy days. Due to the reflection of sunlight, slightly cloudy days can even result in higher energy yields than days with a completely cloudless sky.

The power output of a solar array is measured in watts or kilowatts. In order to calculate the typical energy needs of the application, a measurement in watt-hours, kilowatt-hours or kilowatt-hours per day is often used. A common rule of thumb is that average power is equal to 20% of peak power, so that each peak kilowatt of solar array output power corresponds to energy production of 4.8 kWh per day ( 24 hours x 1 kW x 20% = 4.8 kWh )

Fault Currents :

Fault currents arise as a result of a fault in the cables or equipment , there is a sudden increase in current , perhaps 10 or 20 times the cable rating ,
The current being limited by the impedance of the supply , the impedance of the cables , the impedance of the fault and the impedance of the return path , the current is normally of short duration ,

Overload Currents :

Overload Currents do not arise as a result of a fault in the cable or equipment , they arise because the current has been increased by the addition of further load ,
Overload protection is only required if overloading is possible , it would not be required for a circuit supplying a fixed load , but fault protection is required except in exceptional circumstances ( 434.5.1 )

Basic fault finding of fluorescent fittings :

The following checks are recommended to be carried out when checking any suspected faulty fitting.
All checks, apart from 2., should be carried out with the mains supply to the fitting disconnected.

1. Check the ballast / lamp combination
• Ensure the ballast is suitable for the lamp/s being used.
• If the combination is found to be incorrect then it should be determined whether it is actually the ballast or the lamp that is the incorrect item.

2. Check that there is mains supply to the fitting.
• Ensure that the supply not only comes to the fitting, but also goes to the ballast.
• Remember to measure the voltage between Live and Earth, Live and Neutral, and Neutral and Earth.

3. Check that the lamps are in good condition.
• Even new lamps can be faulty.
• Measure each lamp cathode and check for the correct resistance reading.
• The resistance reading should be between 1 - 10Ω, depending on the lamps used.

4. Check that the lamps are inserted into the lamp holders correctly.
• Poor connections will give intermittent operation.

5. Check the wiring of the fitting.
• Are the supply wires connected correctly?
• Are the control wires connected correctly (if used)?
• Check that there are no loose connections.
• Are the lamp wires connected correctly?
• Check this against the wiring diagram on the ballast.
• Check the connections at the lamp holders as well as at the ballast.
• Are the ’ Line ’ and ’ Neutral ’ wires connected correctly?

If the above checks have been carried out and a fault is still evident, replace the ballast.

 

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“ Possible Causes Of RCD Tripping :

Faulty appliance – unplug all electrical appliances, does the RCD reset OK ? If the RCD resets OK plug the appliances back in one at a time. Reset the RCD as you plug each appliance back in to find the faulty appliance.

Electricity can kill – if turning an RCD off to work on a circuit always double check that there is no power in the circuit: ( Lock off )

Incorrect RCD current rating – RCDs have ‘current ratings’ similar to fuses. The current rating is the current that trips an RCD. The current rating of the RCD could be too low.

Poor quality RCD – poor quality RCDs can trip when they shouldn’t.

Items with motors or pumps starting – many items with motors or pumps, for instance showers and pond pumps, cause momentary electrical spikes that are big enough to trip RCDs.

Older washing machines – aging washing machine heating elements can cause momentary electrical spikes that are big enough to trip RCDs.

Certain wash cycle phases – some cycles of the washing machine, for instance the spin cycle, can cause momentary electrical spikes that are big enough to trip RCDs.

Certain dishwasher cycles – some parts of the dishwasher cycle draw a lot of current, a faulty component, for instance the motor, can trip an RCD.

Overloading a washing machine – too many items in a washing machine can cause certain wash cycles, for instance the spin cycle, to trip an RCD.

Fridges and freezers cooling – the fridge or freezer cooling motor starting.

Turning a sun bed on – a sun bed uses a lot of electrical power, the surge in electrical power can trip an RCD.

Turning an heating element on after a long time of being off – moisture in heating elements can trip an RCD, for instance in a sun bed or electric fire. Try resetting the RCD a few times so that the heating element can cause the moisture to evaporate.

Pond pump faulty – pond pumps sometimes have to ‘work very hard’– for instance when they have ‘digested’ part of a plant from the pond. Check your pond pump for blockages.

Moisture in outside electrical distribution boxes – remove the supply and dry the distribution box. Check the weather seals have not perished.

Moisture in outside electrical sockets – remove the supply and dry the electrical socket. Check the weather seals have not perished.

Ice maker on a fridge – a faulty ice maker on a fridge can cause ‘nuisance’ RCD tripping.

De-frost timer on a fridge or freezer – a faulty defrost element on a fridge or freezer can cause ‘nuisance’ RCD tripping.

Central heating elements – faulty heating elements can cause an RCD to trip when they are turned on by a timer.

Moisture in wiring – moisture in the electrical wiring is a common cause of RCD trips. Have you just emptied a bath? Taken a shower ? Is it raining – rain can get into the electrical wiring under the floors or in the loft.

After unplugging all appliances, or turning them off, see if the RCD will reset. If the RCD will reset, the fault is with one of the appliances; if the RCD trips again the fault is with the electrical circuit.

Plug each appliance in one at a time. After plugging the appliance in, or turning an appliance on, reset the RCD; keep plugging the appliances in, and resetting the RCD, until the RCD trips.

Connecting the appliances one at a time, and resetting the RCD in-between, shows the homeowner which appliance is causing the RCD to trip. The homeowner should repair, or replace, the faulty appliance.

Plugging each appliance in one at a time is not a100% guarantee of finding the faulty appliance; it is the best way, but not a 100% guarantee. Certain ‘cause\effect’ situations can suggest a, say, faulty kettle when the real problem is, say, a faulty cooker.

1) Are any electrical circuits working?
2) Has something simple just triggered the switch?
3) A light bulb blowing or light switch arcing can sometimes trip the fuse?

9 times out of 10, an RCD tripping will be in response to something that you (or your family) has just done.
1 out of 10 times, it will be as a result of either physical failure of the device or a build up of fault current which eventually tips the balance.

“ Recessed Light (‘Down Light’) Problems “

* Recessed lights (down lights) have many different wattage ratings. Is the bulb wattage rating correct? Compare the problem bulb, or bulbs, with bulbs that work OK – are they the same?

* Is something covering the bulb housing, for instance loft insulation? Overheating causes many different problems.

* Lights generate a lot of heat – if the lights are ‘recessed’ ensure there is enough space for the heat to dissipate.

* Connect the electrical power input wire to the switch output to bypass the switch – if the light works the switch is at fault.

What Can Go Wrong With A Light Switch

* Loose wiring in switch.

* Switch mechanism broken.

* Damaged wiring.

* Bare wires touching the switch housing.

Symptoms Of A Broken Light Switch With Possible Causes

* Light switch does not work:
* Loose wiring in switch.
* Broken switch.
* Poor connection to light switch terminals.
* Bare wires touching the switch housing.

* Light switch ‘buzzing’ or discoloured:
* Loose wiring in switch.
* Internal arcing.
* Bare wires touching the switch housing.

* Switch hot:
* Loose wiring in switch.
* Bare wires touching the switch housing.

* Lights flickering:
* Loose wiring in switch.
* Poor connection to light switch terminals.
* Bare wires touching the switch housing.

 

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Measures of protection against fire risk with RCDs

RCDs are very effective devices to provide protection against fire risk due to insulation fault. This type of fault current is actually too low to be detected by the other protection (overcurrent, reverse time). For TT, IT TN-S systems in which leakage current can appear, the use of 300mA sensitivity RCDs provides a good protection against fire risk due to this type of fault. An investigation has shown that the cost of the fires in industrial and tertiary buildings can be very great. The analysis of the phenomena shows that fire risk due to electricity is linked to overheating due to a bad coordination between the maximum rated current of the cable (or isolated conductor) and the overcurrent protection setting. Overheating can also be due to the modification of the initial method of installation (addition of cables on the same support). This overheating can be the origin of electrical arc in humid environment. These electrical arcs evolve when the fault current-loop impedance is greater than 0.6 Ωand exist only when an insulation fault occurs. Some tests have shown that a 300mA fault current can induce a real risk of fire

RCDs are very effective devices to provide protection against fire risk due to insulation fault because they can detect leakage current (ex : 300 mA) which are too low for the other protections, but sufficient to cause a fire

Protection when exposed conductive parts are not connected to earth

(In the case of an existing installation where the location is dry and provision of an earthing connection is not possible, or in the event that a protective earth wire becomes broken).
RCDs of high sensitivity (y 30 mA) will afford both protection against indirect-contact hazards, and the additional protection against the dangers of direct-contact.

Determination of voltage drop

The impedance of circuit conductors is low but not negligible: when carrying load current there is a voltage drop between the origin of the circuit and the load terminals. The correct operation of a load (a motor, lighting circuit, etc.) depends on the voltage at its terminals being maintained at a value close to its rated value. It is necessary therefore to determine the circuit conductors such that at full-load current, the load terminal voltage is maintained within the limits required for correct performance.
methods of determining voltage drops, in order to check that:

* They comply with the particular standards and regulations in force
* They can be tolerated by the load
* They satisfy the essential operational requirements

Maximum voltage drop

Maximum allowable voltage-drop vary from one country to another. Typical values for LV installations are given below
A low-voltage service connection from a LV pubic power distribution network , lighting 3% - Other uses ( Heating & Power 5% )
Consumers MV/LV substation supplied from a public distribution MV systems , 6% / 8%

Maximum voltage-drop between the service-connection point and the point of Utilization ,
These voltage-drop limits refer to normal steady-state operating conditions and do not apply at times of motor starting, simultaneous switching (by chance) of several loads, etc. as mentioned in Chapter A Sub-clause 4.3 (factor of simultaneity, etc.). When voltage drops exceed the values , larger cables (wires) must be used to correct the condition.

The value of 8%, while permitted, can lead to problems for motor loads; for example:

* In general, satisfactory motor performance requires a voltage within ± 5% of its rated nominal value in steady-state operation,

* Starting current of a motor can be 5 to 7 times its full-load value (or even higher). If an 8% voltage drop occurs at full-load current, then a drop of 40% or more will occur during start-up. In such conditions the motor will either:

* Stall (i.e. remain stationary due to insufficient torque to overcome the load torque) with consequent over-heating and eventual trip-out

* Or accelerate very slowly, so that the heavy current loading (with possibly undesirable low-voltage effects on other equipment) will continue beyond the normal start-up period

* Finally an 8% voltage drop represents a continuous power loss, which, for continuous loads will be a significant waste of (metered) energy. For these reasons it is recommended that the maximum value of 8% in steady operating conditions should not be reached on circuits which are sensitive to under-voltage problems ,

Legal basis

In England and Wales, the Building Regulations (Approved Document: Part P) require that domestic electrical installations are designed and installed safely according to the "fundamental principles" given in British Standard BS-7671 Chapter 13. These are very similar to the fundamental principles defined in International Standard IEC – 60364-1 and equivalent national standards in other countries. Accepted ways for fulfilling this legal requirement include

* the rules of the IEE wiring regulations ( BS–7671 ), colloquially referred to as "the regs" (BS 7671: 2008, 17th Edition).;

* the rules of an equivalent standard approved by a member of the EEA (e.g., DIN/VDE 0100);

* guidance given in installation manuals that are consistent with BS 7671, such as the IEE On-Site Guide and IEE Guidance Notes Nos 1 to 7.

Installations in commercial and industrial premises must satisfy various safety legislation, such as the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Again, recognized standards and practices, such as BS 7671 "Wiring Regulations", are used to help meet the legislative requirements.

Commissioning Certificate

BS-5266 and the European Standard both require written declarations of compliance to be available on site for inspection. These consist of
1. Installation quality.
IEE regulations must have been conformed with and non-maintained fittings fed from the main circuit of the normal lighting system, as required in BS 5266

2. Photometric performance.
Evidence of compliance with light levels has to be supplied by the system designer.

3. Declaration of a satisfactory test of operation.
A log of all system tests and results must be maintained. System log books, with commissioning forms, testing forms and instructions should be provided by the installer.
On completion of the installation of the emergency lighting system, or part thereof, a completion
certificate should be supplied by the installer to the occupier/owner of the premises. The Building Control Department should insist upon a copy of this certificate which will be retained with the Building Regulations Authority.
Maintenance
Finally, to ensure that the system remains at full operational status, essential servicing should be defined. This normally would be performed as part of the testing routine, but in the case of consumable items such as replacement lamps, spares should be provided for immediate use.

Routine inspections and tests

Where national regulations do not apply, the following shall be met.
Because of the possibility of a failure of the normal lighting supply occurring shortly after a period of testing of the emergency lighting system or during the subsequent recharge period, all full duration tests shall wherever possible be undertaken just before a time of low risk to allow for battery recharge. Alternatively, suitable temporary arrangements shall be made until the batteries have been recharged.
The following minimum inspections and tests shall be carried out at the intervals recommended below. The regulating authority may require specific tests.
Daily
Indicators of central power supply shall be visually inspected for correct operation.
NOTE. This is a visual inspection of indicators to identify that the system is in a ready condition and does not require a test of operation.
Monthly
If automatic testing devices are used, the results of the short duration tests shall be recorded.
For all other systems the tests shall be carried out as follows:
a) Switch each luminaire and each internally illuminated exit sign to emergency mode so it uses the battery. This simulates a failure of the supply of the normal lighting and continue for a period sufficient to ensure that each lamp is illuminated.
At the end of this test period, the supply to the normal lighting should be restored and any indicator lamp or device checked to ensure that it is showing that the normal supply has been restored.
NOTE. The period of simulated failure should be sufficient for the purpose of this clause whilst minimising damage to the system components e.g. lamps. During this period, all luminaire's and signs shall be checked to ensure that they are present, clean and functioning correctly.
b) For central battery systems, the correct operation of system monitors shall be checked.
c) For generating sets, refer to the requirement of ISO 8528-12.
Annually
If automatic testing devices are used, the results of the full rated duration test shall be recorded.
For all other systems the following tests made:
a) each luminaire and internally illuminated sign shall be tested as per monthly test but for its full rated duration in accordance with the manufacturer's information;
b) the supply of the normal lighting shall be restored and any indicator lamp or device checked to
ensure that it is showing that normal supply has been restored. The charging arrangements should
be checked for proper functioning;
c) the date of the test and its results shall be recorded in the system logbook;
d) For generating sets, refer to the requirements of ISO 8528-12.