***Cont../ Useful Information for Electricians & Apprentices***

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TT- system . 30mA / RCD(s) O.S.G. – P/16

If ALL finalcircuits have RCD protection within a Dwelling that has a TT-system . Then NO additional RCDdevice would be required at the Main Intake .

OR ON A Dual board containing two 30mA / RCDs

 

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Regulation& it’s Implications’ .

Table55.1 . p/174. Low voltage circuits .

Q). Plugs & socket – outlets ( Industrialtype ) 16 . 32 . 63 . 125 . BS-EN-60309-2 .
ExtensionCable . should be evaluated to make sure it is suitable for use in theEnvironment where it is intended for Use .

Example – Portable / Mobile Equipment [ On wheels] will be disconnected form the supplywhen not in Use . BS-EN-60309-2 .

725.55.2.6. “ Example “
Themeans of connection to the caravan pitch socket-outlet shall be supplied withthe caravan & shall comprise the following .
(i) A plug complying with BS-EN-60309-2 .

 

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BS-7671:2008:2011 . Requirements for Electrical Installations .
Definesthe [ WiringStandards for the UK ] Installationsto this standard are regarded [ AS ] giving conformitywith the relevant parts of Electricityat Work Regulations 1989 . Whilst theiruse is not [ Mandatory ] Electricity supply Authorities may refuse toconnect an installation [ NOT ] conforming to this standard .

Thisstandard requires the use of { RCDs ] inassociation with main extensions leads as follows .
Theuse of RCDs under Normaluse & Outdoors .

Regulation. 411.3.3. .
States)- In a.c. systems . additionalprotection by means of an [ RCD ] in accordancewith Regulation 415.2. shall provide for :
i) Socket – outlets with a rated current notexceeding 20A that are for use by Ordinary Persons . & are intended forgeneral use . &
ii) Mobile equipment with a current ratingNot exceeding 32A for use Outdoors .

RCDs. are required as Additional Protection . ( ADS)
Regulation. 415.1.1. . States

Theuse of [ RCDs ] with a rated residual operating current [IΔn ] not exceeding 30mA & an operating time not exceeding 40mS at the rated residual operating currentof 5 x IΔn . is recognised in a.c. system s

Asadditional protection in the event of failure of the provision for basic .protection &/or the provision for fault protection or carelessness by User.

Theuse of an [ RCD ] does not prevent the need forother means of protection . such as suitable earthing .

Regulation. 415.1.2. . States .
Theuse of [ RCDs ] is not recognised as a solemeans of protection & does not obviate the need to apply one of theprotective measures specified in Section – 411to 414 .

Overcurrentdevice MCB . & RCD must be used .

Thisis to ensure that the automatic disconnection of the supply will occur within aspecified time [ 0.4 – 230V . Open Circuit ] supply for socket-outlets which supply [ Mobile Equipment ] intended for manual movement whilst in use or handheld Class 1 equipment .

Regulation. 411.3.2.2. – Table 41.1.requires maximum disconnection time for a TT- system earth system . 0.2s

Toensue that these conditions are Met any purchased equipment should be of such constructionto meet all the conditions in which it May Be Used.

 

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Q)Which of the following determines whether the selected protective devices willoperate within the required time frame : A) value of earth faultloop impedance [Zs]
takeyour pick . 41.3. MCB / BS-EN-60898 . RCBO / BS-EN-61009-1

The current ratingsof cables given in the tables of the IET Wiring Regulations are based on an Ambient temperature of : [ Unless stated Otherwiseon Exams ]
50 deg C.
40 deg C.
30 degC.
20 deg C.

 

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It’shere to Stay [ SPD ] 2012

Section 443 – Simple Risk Assessment ]

Thefollowing are different consequential levels of protection:

(i) . Consequences relatedto human life, e.g. safety services, medicalequipment in hospitals
(ii). Consequences relatedto public services, e.g. loss of public services, IT centres, museums
(iii). Consequences to commercial or industry activity,e.g. hotels, banks, industries, commercial markets,farms
(iv) . Consequences togroups of individuals, e.g. large residential buildings, churches, offices,schools
(v) . Consequences to individuals, e.g. small ormedium residential buildings, small offices.

For levels of consequences(i) to (iii) protectionagainst overvoltage shall be provided.

IsProtection Required – Section 443 / BS- EN -62305

( Yes ) - Risk of direct lighting to or near structure .BS-EN-62305 : or Lighting protection system installed . ? 443.1.1.
□ Lightning current [ Type 1 SPD ] or combined [ Type 1 + 2 SPD ] on main switch board to prevent dangerous flashover ( 534.2.1 )

Overheadline supplying the building at risk of direct strike – see BS EN-62305 (443.1.1)

( Yes ) - Overheadline supplying the building at risk of direct strike : BS-EN-62305 . 443.1.1.
[ Alternativesimplified risk assessment: 443.2.4. ]

Installation presents higher risk (e.g. fire) or requires higherreliability (443.2.2 Note) - see BS EN-62305
[ Alternativesimplified risk assessment: 443.2.4. ]

□ Protection against overvoltages not required ( 443.2.1, : 443.2.2 ) if equipment impulse withstand voltage toTable 44.3
Installationpresents higher risk (e.g. fire) or requires higher reliability ( 443.2.2Note ) - see BS EN-62305

Consequences related to human life? For example safety/medical equipment (443.2.4)
[ simplifiedrisk assessment : 443.2.4. ]

Coordinatedset of overvoltage SPDs for equipment protection e.g. Type 2 or Type 2+ 3 for distribution boards feeding sensitiveelectronic equipment (534.2.6)

□ Protection against overvoltages not required if equipment withstandvoltage to Table 44.3

Consequencesrelating to groups of individuals or individuals - for example residential buildings (443.2.4)

Consequencesrelated to loss of public service ? For example IT centres, museums (443.2.4)

Consequences related to loss of commercial/industry activity? For example hotels, banks, farms (443.2.4)

□ Check if data, signal and telecom lines require protection (443.1.1, 534.2.1)

 

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□ Whatare Transient Overvoltages – SURGES . Up to 6.000V. Almost 20 times Mains Supply . [ FAST ] ifnot “ MORE “

Justfor the sake of -&-s . Example .
Direct strike to building. [ Not too worry I have Lighting Protection System . ] WRONG. -&-s . NOT the EQUIPMENT in the BUILDING [ SPD ] may be required .???

 

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Where needed, use [ SPDs ] tested and applied in accordance to BS-EN -61643. Lowvoltage surge - protective devices .

Ifin Doubt . p/289 . Will tell you . BS-EN -61643-11. / BS-EN -61643-21. what direction to go in

BS-EN-62305-1 : General principles .
BS-EN-62305-2 : Riskmanagement .
BS-EN-62305-3 : Physicaldamage & life hazard
BS-EN-62305-4 : Electricaland electronic systems

Transientovervoltages transmitted by the supply distribution system are notsignificantly attenuated downstream in most installations (443.1.1 / Note3)

Section534 key areas – selection of SPDs
SPD in conjunction with RCDs .[ this is where -&-s will be looking g at 2012 ]

(i). SPDs installed before or upstream ofRCD – no tripping problem from overvoltages .
(ii). SPDs installed load side of RCD – nuisance tripping possible .
(iii). RCDs to have immunity to surge currents of 3kA ( 8/20 surge current waveform )
(iv). S Type RCDs meet this requirement

-&-s. There’s a high possibility CSA – Earthing . 534.2.10.
Minimumsize of connecting leads copper (or equivalent):
• 16mm2 for Type 1 SPDs
• 4mm2 for Type 2, 3 SPDs

 

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Fig53.3. p/146 . What the Hell !!!!

( OCPD ) what does it mean ?? : = Overcurrent Protective Device .
( E/I ) what does it mean ?? : Equipment or Installation to be protected against overvoltages . [Main earthing terminal or connecting conductor bar . ]

Example :

534.2.3.5Selection with regard to the prospective fault current and the follow currentinterrupt rating The short-circuit withstand of thecombination SPD and overcurrent protective device (OCPD), as stated by the SPDmanufacturer shall be equal to or higher than the maximum prospective faultcurrent expected at the point of installation.

NOTE 1: The OCPD may be either internal or external to the SPD.

Fault finding, safety precautions and principles Testing,basic principles of circuit protective conductor testing and insulationresistance Electrical symbols and mathematical prefixes. Transformer theory,calculation and practical. Relationship between line and phase voltage in a 3phase system New lighting / surge protection standards BS-EN-62305-1-4 and amendments17[SUP]th[/SUP] Edition wiring regulations

534.2.4Protection against overcurrent and consequences of SPD’s end of life

Protection against SPD short-circuitsis provided by [ OCPDs (see Figures 53.1 and 53.2) which shallbe selected according to the recommended ratings given in the manufacturer’sSPD instructions.

OCPD2 ] may be omitted if the characteristics of [ OCPD1 ] meetthe requirements given in the manufacturer’s instructions.

 

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Section 534 needs to be read fully in conjunction withSection 443 and table 44.3. Three types of SPDs . are

Recognised:

• Type 1 SPD located @ Main switch board
• Type 2 SPD located @ Sub/final distribution boards and consumerunits
• Type 3 SPD located @ Itemsof equipment

 

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• 526.3 . p/131
Every connection shall be accessible for inspection, testing andmaintenance, except for equipment complying with BS-5733 for a maintenance-freeaccessory and marked with the symbol [ MF ] and installed in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions.

 

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ElectricalInstallation Condition Report ( EICR ).This is a report that will be used for domestic and similar installations up to100A and will include a Condition Report Inspection Schedule.

NOTE: If one or more genuine [ C1 or C2 ] codes are present, this will result in anunsatisfactory Electrical Installation Condition Report being issued. Theoption for further investigation is still available but it is now a tick box onthe inspection schedule.

C1- Danger Present
C2 - Potentially Dangerous

 

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Selectionof Electrical Equipment . p/20

2392-10: Some “ Fundamental Principles “

133.1.1. General . [ Dealing with ] Equipment to complywith standards unless agreed otherwise . [ Exams . -&-s . Part/ P ]
133.1.2.
133.1.3.

 

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Isolation& Switching . 537.1.6.

Ininstallations which include a [ Generator ] which can be used in [ Parallel ] as an additional source of supply . 2012 .
514.15.1. requires thewarning notice - Alternative supplies .

Postedat :
- Originof the installation .
- Meterposition if situated remote from the origin
-at the Consumer unit or Distributionboard to which the alternative or Additional sources are connected .
-at all points of isolation of all sources of supply .

PortableGenerators : 2012. -&-s
Additionalrequirements for protection by Automatic disconnection where the installation& [ GeneratingSet are NOT permanently Fixed ]
551.4.4.
Itis recognised that generators will be used occasionally as a temporary or short term means of supplying electricity.
- Useon a construction site .
-used to supply stalls on street markets .
-external gathering or function attended by the general public . such as acountry show .

O.S.G.- Temporary generators can be divided into two classes . Portable & Mobile .
Regulations. p/32 . ( see Mobileequipment )

Just making a Point . Read between the Line. O.S.G. 2011.
□ PortableGenerators : referenced to the generalmass of the Earth .

BS-7430: 1998 . Where there are extraneous – conductive – parts . or exposed – conductive– parts from other electrical systems present . generator reference earthing .by means of an earth electrode to the general mass of the earth . should beinstalled

Note : thatthis does NOT create a TT – supply arrangements. the supply will be TN-S in form from the generator . the neutral or starpoint being referenced to the general mass of the earth .

● Wherean earth electrode is supplied it will need to be tested by the standard methodusing a [ proprietaryearth electrode résistance tester ]

● Note : that an [ Earth faultloop impedance tester ] cannot be used for this test as the earthelectrode is NOT used as a means of earthing . it is used to reference theportable generator to the general mass of the earth & [ does NOT form partof the Earth Loop ]

Asthe earth electrode is used for reference & NOTas a means of earthing . it’s résistance should . ideally . be less than 200Ω

54.1. if buried generator reference Earthing . & or Bonding conductors should be sized inaccordance with table 54.1. 543.3.1. - 16mm[SUP]2[/SUP][SUP] [/SUP] conductor would generally be adequate for short – term usewhere NO mechanical protection
Just making a Point . Read between the Line. O.S.G. 2011.
□ PortableGenerators : referenced to the generalmass of the Earth .

 

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Usefuljunk : Identification of Conductors .

Table51. p/116
Notes. (3) Only the middle wire of three –wire circuits may be Earthed.

 

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p/398. Condition Report : -&-s . Notes for theperson producing the Report .

Q) What is the reason for issuing this Report .
(3) A) suchas change of occupancy or landlord’s periodic maintenance . 2391-10 .

(1)This Report should only be used for reporting on the condition of an Existing ElectricalInstallation .

(8)Wherever practicable . items classified as “ Danger present “ C1 . shouldbe made safe on discovery . Where this is not practical the owner or usershould be given written notification asa matter of URGENCY . 2391-10

 

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The person ordering the Report .
Wheninitially you are liaising with the [ Client ] regarding carrying out a Periodic Inspection& Test . it is important to establish the following Two Factors .

Extent.
Limitation.

(EICR ) SectionD . p/396 : Extent & Limitations of Inspection & Testing .

Extent : of the electrical installation covered bythis Report .
Agreed Limitations : including the reasons – 634.2.

634.2.
Anydamage . deterioration . defects . dangerous conditions & non-compliancewith the requirements of the regulations . which may give rise to danger .together with any significant limitations of the inspection & testing .including their reasons . shall be Recorded .

 

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2392-10:

Inspection& Testing . is to be carried out in a manner that will [ Ensure ] thesafety of both the Inspector & that of Others . “ Fundamental Principles “ Safety

Mostof the time the Question’s are right in front of our noses . BS-7671:2011 .

Q) On completion of a new installation .the Electrical Installation Certificate would be not signed by the :
i) design engineer.
ii) client . •
iii) person whoconstructed the installation .
iv) inspection &testing engineer .

p/390 : theanswer lies there . ( EIC )

Q) any addition to an existing installationshould . not impair the safety of the existinginstallation :
i) have a similar wiring system to that used inthe existing installation .
ii) be inspected & tested separate from the existinginstallation .
iii) not impair the safety of the existing installation .
iv) have it’s own energy meter separated fromthat of the existing installation .

MinorElectrical Installation Work Certificate for the replacement of a single protectivedevice where an Electrical Installation Condition Report . has identifieddepartures such as :
i)lack of additional protection by RCD .
ii) maximum loop impedance values exceeded .

&the remedial work would involve .

i) replacing a MCB with an RCBO .
ii)replacing a type C – MCB with a . type B. or replacing a 10A MCB with a 6Adevice .

p/393 : Minor Work Certificate makes provision for allthe required test results for the remedial work described .

requires [ Competent person] to certify that the work does not impair the safetyof the [ Existing installation ] &that the design . construction& inspection &testing of the work complies with BS-7671:2011 .

Recall : p/394 . Minor Electrical Installation Work Certificate– ( MEIWC )
This Certificate has been issued to confirm that theelectrical installation work to which it relates has been . Designed . Constructed. Inspection & Tested. Etc .

-&-s □ Recall : Minor WorkCertificate . is intended to be used for Additions & Alterations toan installation that do not extend to the provisionof a new circuit . ( MEIWC )

( MWC ) it doeshave boxes for - Earth continuity .Insulation résistance : Polarity : RCDtimes .

2392-10: ( MWC ) . Comments on [ Existinginstallation ] including adequacy of Earthing & bonding arrangements. 132.16

Q) Records of inspections & test resultsshould be kept during the life of an installation . this will enable :
i) identification of defective parts .
ii) deterioration to beidentified .
iii) landlords to carry out repairs .
iv) correct selection of equipment .

 

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Conductof the Inspection & Testing . “ BasicPrinciple “

Q) Visual inspection of a new installation mustbe carried out :
i) after completion of the installation .
ii) after testing .
iii) after erection & before testing .
iv)during erection & on completion .

Visualinspection is extremely important & it shouldalways precede testing . [ Thiswill stand you fast on Periodic Testing ]
Thepurpose of the [ Visual inspection ] is to confirm the following aspects of theinstallation :
i) Equipment complies with standards in accordance with the requirements of BS-7671:2011 .
ii)Equipment is correctly selected & erected . in accordance with theRegulations . taking into account manufactures instructions .
iii) not visibly damaged or defective so as toimpair Safety .

Visualinspection : Inspection . 611.1. /611.3.
Initial Verification :
611.1. Inspection shallprecede testing & shallnormally be done with that part of the installation under inspectiondisconnected from the supply .

SmartMeters : The need for meter installersto [ Visually ] check consumer’s electrical equipment adjacent to the electrical intakeequipment .
Inspectors. to check the adequacy of the earthing arrangement before [ Re-energising the installation ] many existing installations are likely to have inadequate oreven non- existent earthing arrangements.

2392-10: I must Stress this : Tightness of the connection of the [ meter tails ] at the main switch in the Consumer Unit . – [ Loose connections ]

2392-10: Q) Which one of the following tests can only be carried out after the supply is connected :
i) prospective faultcurrent . ( PFC )
ii) insulation résistance . ( dead )
iii) polarity . ( dead )
iv) continuity of protective conductors . ( dead)

Q) The commissioning process takes place “ When “ : A) [ After ] an installation has been inspected &tested .
Let’sopen it up .
Q) When should the commissioning process Not take place . After an installation has been inspected &tested .

 

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2392-10:

p/389. Reminder .

NewWork . [ Initial Verification ]

(EIC ) will indicate the responsibility fordesign . construction . inspection & testing .
-&-. to New workor further work on an Existing installation .

Q) The person who tests & signs the ( EIC) for an electrical installation should be: - &-s [ any Certification &Reporting ]
A) Competent person .

Informative.
i): ii) : iii) :

p/389 . (iv) Competent person. will . as appropriate to their function under [ i) : ii) : iii) ]

(T) 632.4. this a must . Chaps :icon_bs:
Defectsor omissions revealed during inspection & testing of the installation workcovered by the [ Certificate ] shall bemade good before the certificate is issued .


2391-10: You have my Undivided Admiration . You chaps. don’t get the recognition that you. deserve .
Approved Electrician . that to me is a BIG patin the Back .

Yourprofessionalism is OUT standing . -&-s do not do you Justice . “ Approved“

 

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2392-10:

632.4. Reminder . before an(EIC) isissued . any defects or omissions must be . made good . -&-s

 

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Methodsof Inspection & Testing are described in Guidance Note : 3

Wherea . 3-core cable . with cores coloured . Brown . Black . Gary . is used as a switch wire for two – wayor intermediate control . the terminations of the conductors shall beidentified using . [ Brown tape on the . Black & Gray cores ]

2392-10: Inspectors . [ Assessor ]
Theneed to comply with the relevant parts of the . Electricity at Work Regulations1989 .
Whenreplacing a Or working on a Consumer Unit .

Regulation12 : Means for cutting off the supply& for isolation .
Regulation13 : Precautions for work on equipment made [ Dead]
Regulation14 : Working on Or near Live conductors .

2392-10: Inspectors
Replacinga [CU] in an existing installation is anAddition Or Alteration to that installation .

Therefore: be designed . erected & Verified in accordance with the requirements of the currentedition BS-7671:2011 .

Inspectors
Mustnot impair the safety of the installation .Regulations 110.1 ( x )
(x ) External lighting & similar installations .
610.4.
Foran Addition or Alteration to an existing installation .it shall be [ Verified ] that the Addition or Alteration complies with the Regulations . & does not impair thesafety of the existing installation .

110.1.1. : Note : “ Premises “ covers the land & allfacilities including buildings belonging to it .
110.1.2. : (vi) Additions& Alterations to the installations & also [ Parts ] of the existinginstallation affected by an Additions& Alterations . 610.4.

 

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Design& Installation .
Workshould comply with BS-7671:2011

Part M . of the building regulations must be complied with .
Inspection& Testing before taking into service .

BS-7671:2011. does not recognize a kitchen as a special location . PartP does .

TheDomestic Electrical Installation Condition Report .
Isused to report on the safety condition of an existing installation in adomestic situation .

2392-10: ( EIC ) is a declaration of Electrical Safety .

(EIC ) is to be issued to confirm that the electrical installation work to whichit relates has been designed .constructed . inspection & tested in accordance with BS-7671:2011 .
(EIC ) is to beused only for the Initial Certification of a new installation . Or for an Addition orAlteration to an Existing Installation where new circuits have been [ Introduced ] 2392-10 :
ThisCertificate is onlyvalid if accompanied by theSchedule of Inspections & the Scheduleof Test results .

(EICR ) Report is for use when carrying out routine periodic inspection & testingof an existing installation . it is notfor use when Alterations or Additions are made .

DomesticPeriodic Inspection Report .
isfor use when carrying out routine periodic inspection & testing of an existinginstallation . it is not for use when Alterations or Additions are made .

a Schedule of Inspections & Schedule of Testresults should accompany the Domestic Periodic Inspection Report .

(MEIWC ) When an Addition to an electrical installation does not Extend to theinstallation of a new circuit .

(PAT Testing - CoP )
Althoughthere is No requirement in the ( EAWR 1989 ) to keep records of equipment & ofinspections & tests . ( HSE 1974 ) Memorandum of Guidance on theseregulations advises that records of maintenance including tests should be keptthroughout the working life of equipment .

Inspection& Testing .
& without such records dutyholders cannot be certain that theInspection & Testing have actually been carried out .

 

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Oneof the Fundamental Principles . that 2391-10 . lost marks on was . ◄◄◄
Identifythe simplest of tests . applied in the Regulations & GN-3 .

Theyare only two tests that can apply . PeriodicInspecting & Testing & Initial Verification .

2392-10: Initial Verification . – New Installation - ( EIC ) Exams
2391-10. Periodic Inspection & Testing . ( EICR ) ExistingInstallations .

ConditionReport Inspection Schedule for (Domestic & Similar Premises with up to 100ASupply )
PeriodicInspection & Testing . Exams

p/400: Regulation – 2011 . Note : Thisform is suitable for many types of smaller installation NOT exclusively domestic . 2392-10 ◄◄◄ Wording

2011: Earth electrode for RCDs . ( TT with RCDs ) 2392-10
GN-3: Electrode under test is being used inconjunction with a residual current device the following method of test may be appliedas an alternative to the Earth Electrode résistance test .

Inthese circumstances . Where the electrical resistances to earth are relativelyhigh & precision is NOT required . an Earth Fault LoopImpedance Tester may be Used .

Q) : The test required by regulation to ascertainthat the CPC is correctly connected is called . 612.2.1. Continuityof Protective Conductors . 2392-10

 

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2392-10:
Both Online & Practical . must be passedto receive City & Guilds Certification .
Practical& Theory assessments . relating tothe Inspection & Testing – of NewInstallation .
A Must??

Safeworking .
- Isolationpractices .
- Use of test equipment .
- Inspection& Testing documentation .

if not sure pair up . Testingon the Boards . ►► Make Sure that youfill in the Certificates fully . :banghead: :13:

CalibrationCertificates . last for a Year .
Testinstruments must . therefore . be tested & [ Recalibrated] each year .

Testresults are to be [ Valid ] the instrument must also carry a CalibrationCertificate . This will go onto your Certificates / Model number .

2392-10: -&-s .make no discrimination . on matters . Certification of ElectricalInstallations . being!! Testing & Verification .

Howto [ Code ] electrical Inspection items . completeCertificates . ( EICR / Codes ) p/397 . Exams – C1 : C2 : C3 :

 

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Q) The legal responsibilities of an Inspector .
Q) The general requirements of BS-7671: relating to Initial Verification .
Q) The inspection process & testing requirementsfor New Installation(s)

-&-s. Which [ Certificate ] to use & when & how to usethem . you will get this on your 2392-10 Exam & Practical Assessments . “ On the Boards “
Completionof ( EIC ) certificate details . this is the Important certificate details . Exams & -&-s .

Electrical Installation Certificate - ( EIC)
Regulation631.1. requires that .upon completion of the [ Verification] of a New Installation. 2392-10 . Domestic Installation .
Domestic electrical work that falls under Part P .Building Regulations .

Or changes to an Existing Installation. GN-3 . shall be provided - Section 632.
632.2 - Uponcompletion of the periodic inspection & testing of an [ Existing Installation ] - ( EICR )

Identification& resolution of common problem .

-&-s. Knowledge necessary to carry outInspection & Testing on New Installations . [ Initial Verification]
p/36 . Verification : All measuresby means of which compliance of the electrical installation with the relevantrequirements of BS-7671 are checked .
Comprising Inspection . Testing & Certification .

Certification . [ Certification & Reporting ] p/195 / 196 . Requirementsfor electrical installation(s)
(EIC ) - ( EICR ) - ( MEIWC )

 

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Chapsif you think it’s . good will you hit the Thank You Button. Please . Amber :juggle:

 

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PeriodicTesting . ??

Anyimmediately dangerous condition should preferably be rectified . in not , thedefect should be reported without delay to the employer or responsible employee .
Regulation3 of the EAWR .

Regulation3 . places Duties On .
Employers. employees & the self-employed . tocomply with the Regulations as far as matters are under their control .
Employees. to co-operate with their employer .

Theregulations quantify these responsibilities . by putting them under a legalduty to work in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations .

Definitions:
ElectricalEquipment .
Includesanything used . intended to be used or installed for use . to generate .provide . transmit . transform . rectify . covert . conduct , distribute .control . store . measure or use electrical energy .

System:
Coversall & any electrical equipment which is . or may be . connected to anelectrical energy source . & includes that source .

 

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• Whichof the following IP Codes signifies protection against total immersion inwater: this Q) comes up a lot .

( An “ X “ isused for one of the digits if there is only one class of protection ) Example . Use IPX4 - which addresses moisture résistance only . 2392-10 .
[ Each ] digit represents an [ Individual level of Protection ]

IP ] Ingress Protection Rating.
X ] which addressesmoisture résistance only
4 ] Protected against splashing water .

 

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2392-10: let’s look at it another way . “ Client’s Need’s “
Imust stress . Emphasising that the “ Client “ as the customer is the main influence of any . [ re-wires ] “ Client “ requirements need tobe satisfied .

Hi Bruce

 

[brucelee]

Hi mate IPX8 continous immersion IPX7 temporary immersion sorry mate couldnt resist just to let you know i was reading lol

 

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411. Protective Measure – Automatic Disconnection of Supply. ( ADS )

2392-10. Threecomponents . ◄► FaultProtection .

411.3.1.1. Protective Earthing .
411.3.1.2. Protective Equipotential Bonding .
411.3.2. Automatic disconnection in a Case of a Fault.

“ Second Digit “ [ IP ]
2 ] Protection against dripping water when tiltedup to 15% .
4 ] Protectedagainst splashing water .
5 ] Protected against water jets . .
6 ] Protected against heavy seas .
7 ] Protected against the effects of - [ Immersion]
8 ] Protectedagainst complete - [ Submersion ]

Definitions. for degrees of protection provided by enclosures of electrical equipment as:

i) Protection of person against access to hazardous parts inside the enclosure .
ii)Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solidforeign objects .
iii) Protection of the equipment inside theenclosure against harmful effects due to the ingress of water .

 

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Protection Against Overcurrent .
Regulation. 131.4.

TheElectricity at Work Regulation 1989 =Part 11 . “ States “
That “ Efficient “ means . suitably located . shall be provided for protecting from “ Excess “ of current every part of the system as may benecessary to prevent danger .

Regulation . Reinforces this . 131.4. States that “ Persons & Livestock “ . shall be protected against injury. & property shall be protectedagainst damage .
Due. to excessive temperatures orelectromagnetic stress caused by Overcurrents . likely to arise in Live conductor’s .

2392-10: 131.2.2.. NOTE:
Inconnection with fault protection . the application of the method of protectiveequipotential bonding is one of the important principles for Safety .

ProtectionAgainst fault current :
Regulation. Reinforces this . 131.4. States that “

TheElectricity at Work Regulation 1989 =Part 5 . “ States “
That “ NoElectrical “ equipment shall be put into use where it’sstrength & capability may be exceededin such a way as may give rise to danger .

Regulation 131.5.
Whichrefers to any [ conductor(s) ] being able to carry fault current withoutgiving rise to excessive temperatures . ( inAddition )
Anyitem of electrical equipment intended to carry fault current shall be providedby mechanical protection against electromagnetic stress which could result ininjury or damage to persons . livestockor property . .

Niceone Bruce .

 

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Hospitals’: 2011.

-&-s. Q) The connecting of a Mobile Generator ? . this may be achieved by a [ Plug-in-facility ] BS-EN-60309 - Socket
p/283: BS-EN-60309 : Plugs . sockets-outlets . & couplers forIndustrial purposes . Table - 54.4. [ 551.4.4.note ]

Regulation p/171: - 551.4.4 . NOTE : for suitable connection arrangements see . BS-EN-60309 - Series .

!!!. Do I Need . An External earth leadconnection to the Generator Star . ??

 

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Explain the terms

a. Earthing : p/27
b. Bonding Conductor. : p/23 . A protective conductor providing Equipotential Bonding .


lets Open it Up .

Solution
a. Earthing: connection of the exposed conductive parts of an installation tothe main earthing terminal of that installation.
b. Equipotential Bonding . Electrical connectionmaintaining various . exposed-conductive-parts &extraneous-conductive-parts at substantially the same potential .

Wording: “ Meanings “
Twotypes of [ Bonding ] normally used are

• Main protective bonding . &
• Supplementary protective bonding . [ where required ]

Main protective bonding – is alwaysrequired .
Reasons: Bonding reduces the voltage theremight have been .

[MET ] A terminal block . where Earthing & Bonding conductor(s) are connected together . Etc

Protective Equipotential Bonding – 411.3.1.2.
Ineach installation . Main protective bondingconductors . shall connect to the [ MET ] ► Extraneous-conductive-parts including the following .
i)Water installation pipes .
ii)Gas installation pipes . Etc .

Bonding– the correct title is ‘ Equipotential bonding ’. ‘ Electrical connection maintainingvarious exposed-conductive- parts and extraneous-conductive-parts at substantiallythe same potential ’

 

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Ohm’sLaw .
Thecurrent in Amperes ( I ) is equal to theelectromotive force . Or Voltage ( V) divided by the Résistance ( R ) inohms .

Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Résistance ( R ) : I =V/R .

CurrentFlow - System voltage & Loadrésistance determine the flow of current.
ShortCircuit - Accidental connection createsfault . During a Short-circuit . onlythe résistance of the fault path limits current . Current may increase to manytime’s the load current .

Overloadis defined as an Overcurrent that is confined to the normal current path . “Excessive “ connected loads . ( StalledMotor’s ) Can Overload a circuit .
Mostconductors can carry a moderate Overload for a [ Short duration without damage]

Start-upOr Temporary Surge Currents : Motor’s . Transformer’s.
Overcurrents protection must be selected that will carry thesecurrents . MCB .

Short-circuitis any current not confined to the Normal path.
The “ Term “ comesfrom the fact that such current’s. bypass the normalload . Etc . Short / path around the Load . When a current isGreater than . normal current .

[ Short-circuit’s. ] are usually caused by Accidental contact Or wornInsulation . damage occurs . Facts. [ Moreserious than Overloads ]
[ Short-circuit’s. ] include two Or more conductors accidentallytouching . Short-circuit / Fault currents.

Typesof Electrical Fault’s :
Overcurrents– can be divided into two categories . Overloads / Short-circuits .
Anyelectrical current that “ Exceeds “ therating of the circuit is an “Overcurrent “

Or worn Insulation . damage occurs .
ATest that can be take for Granted . youwill get this on your 2392-10 . practical
Theimportance of this test . is that you could have damaged your cable duringInstalling it .

632.4. Defects or omissions revealed duringInspection & Testing of the Installation work . Shall be made good beforethe Certificate is issued .

p/31 : Origin of anInstallation : The position at which electrical energy isdelivered to an electrical installation .
p/24 : Circuit An assembly of electrical equipment supplied from the same Origin &protected against Overcurrent by thesame Protective device(s)

p/25 . Circuit breakers: .
Circuitbreakers : are designed to protectcircuits from Overloads &Short-circuits conditions . When applied within their ratings .
MCB. is connected to an electrical circuit& acts as a bridge between the circuit & the power supply .
MCBs. are designed to protect electrical circuits from being Overloaded .
Calculatea Watt-load for circuit breakers . 10A x 230V = 2300W .

 

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• Surge current Or Inrush current . the maximum .instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on.

• BS-7671:2011 . put specific responsibility onthe Installer . 510.3 . requires that the Installer takes intoAccount the Manufacture’s Instruction’s .

 

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Faultcurrents to be considered include faults between Line conductors & Earth .Line conductors & Neutral . & Line to Line conductors .
most domestic installations the ( PFC ) the value canexceed until 6kA . up to which value the ( Icn & Ics ) values are the same.
highestfault currents will arise with Three-phase Line conductors shorting together & to Earth .

 

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Just a reminder .

So where does this [ 0V ] or[ Zero ] potential come from . The Earth .
p/26 . Earth .
The conductive mass of the . Earth .whose electricalpotential at any point is conventionally taken as [ Zero ]

 

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Just a reminder . 2392-10 .
Earthing matters will come up in Exams .-&-s

Conductors used in such connections . are called “ Protective Conductors “ . & theycan be . subdivided .

Domestic Installations - Circuit protective conductors . CPC. For connectingexposed-conductive-parts to the [ MET ]
Domestic Installations - Main protective bonding conductors . for [ Bonding] together main incoming services .

 

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• Whencompleting Additions to a circuit such as an extra socket

a. state the type of Certificate to be issued
b. list three items of information that need to be entered on the form
c. state to who the form should be given.

Solution

a. A Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate.
b. (i)- Details of the existing installation . (ii)- Description of the minorworks . (iii)- Essential Tests / Test results.
c. The person ordering the work.

Q/As . it’s all you need to know to passyou on your Exams . 2392-10 . :banghead:

 

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( MEIWC )
Minor ElectricalInstallation Works Certificate . are used for . “ Minor Works “ Only .

It come under this . Certification & Reporting : Regulation aretelling you the [ Answer’s ] :13:

Notes p/394 :
Minor WorksCertificate is intended to be Used for . Additions & Alterations .to aninstallation that Do Not Extendto the provision of a New Circuit .

Minor ElectricalInstallation Works Certificate. Q) Inspecting & Testing shouldalways be carried out . A) Irrespective of the extentof the work undertaken .


Let’s open it Up . Q/As -&-s .

Q) state to who theform should be given. A) The personordering the work . 2392-10 :

P/394 : ( To be appended to theCertificate )

2392-10 . You : should havereceived an “ Original “ certificate & the contractor should have retained a ( Duplicate )
if you were the person ordering the Work .

►► “ BUT “ not the Owner of the installation . “ You “ should pass this Certificate . Or a copy of it . to the “ Owner “

Point to NOTE here . MinorElectrical Installation Works Certificate.

2392-10 . -&-s are looking for . The right Certification& Reporting : for the Job .

This Certificate isNOT appropriate if yourequested the “ Contractor “ to undertake more [ Extensive Installation Work ]
For which youshould have received an [ Electrical InstallationCertificate ] EIC .

Regulations . are saying that ? you cannot use a Minor Certificate for Major Work . Etc .

Minor ElectricalInstallation Works Certificate. Notes . : are used for “ Minor Work “ that Do Not Extend to a New Circuit .

p/394 . Regulation aretelling you the [ Answer’s ]

□ The addition of a socket outlet to an “ Existing Circuit “
□ The addition of a Lighting point to an “ Existing Circuit “
□ Relocation of a light switch .
□ Can also be used for the replacement ofaccessories & luminaries .

□ NOT : for the replacement of distribution boards Or similar items .

 

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Part 4: Declaration

I/We CERTIFY that the said works do not impair the safety of the Existing Installation, that the said works have been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with BS 7671:2011…(IET Wiring Regulations), amended to……………………(date) and that said works, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, at the time of my/our inspection, complied with BS 7671 except as detailed in Part 1.

( MEIWC)

 

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Inspection& Testing : 2392-10 : 2011 . -&-s . “ InitialVerification “

Ifthe Inspection & Tests . are Satisfactory . a signed ( EIC ) 631.4 . together with a . Schedule of Inspections .& a Schedule of Test Results . 632.1 .
( Asin Appendix G ) are to be given to the person ordering thework . 632.3.

▲ (EIC ) p/391 . Bottom page . Regulations are telling you the Answers. 2392-10 .
Schedules : The attached Schedules are part of this document & thisCertificate is valid only when they are attached to it .
………….. Schedules ofInspections & ………… Schedules of Test Results are attached.

 

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InspectionProcess . “ Wording “

VisualInspection . 2392-10 :

Wesee the words : Omission ?? . of appropriate sleving on Lighting Switch conductors &Two-way lighting strappers .

 

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Remember - aLive conductor includes the Neutral also .

2391-10: prepare for taking the Exam .

Studentmust be aware of the correct use of Terminology when Answering Questions .Marks will be lost for Incorrect Use . “Nil Pwa“ - No points

Using: Completion Certificate “ instead of . ( EIC) Electrical InstallationCertificate .
Using: Electrical Inspection Certificate “ instead of . ( EIC ) Electrical Installation Certificate .
Using: Initial Inspection Certificate “ instead of . ( EIC) Electrical InstallationCertificate .
Using: Minor Work Certificate “ instead of . ( MEIWC ) Minor ElectricalInstallation Works Certificate . ◄► This is myFull Tile . Exams

2392-10:
Thisdocument is made up of Three-parts : ( 1. EIC ) 2 . Schedule of Inspections : 3. Schedule of Test Results : Exams .

( EIC ) ThisCertificate must be issued for a completely new Installation .
( EIC ) must beaccompanied by a Schedule of Test Results & a Schedule of Inspection .Without these two documents . the ( EIC ) is notValid . p/392– ( 2) ****

An Inspection & Test which is carried out ona [ New Installation ] to prove compliance is called an [ InitialVerification ]
p/395: Schedule ofInspections – ( forNew Installation work Only )

[ Initial Verification Inspection]
Thisdocumentation which should be completed is the . Electrical InstallationCertificate . ( EIC ) this must be accompanied by a Schedule ofTest Results & a Schedule ofInspection .

Thecertificate issued for an Initial Verification must be accompanied by aschedule of : ????
a.Test results only .
b.Inspections only .
c.Tests & schedules of inspections .
d.Schedule of inspections . & Schedules of test results . “ take your best Shot “ :icon_bs:

“ Facts“
▲ (EIC ) p/391 . Bottom page . Regulations are telling you the Answers. 2392-10 .
Schedules : The attached Schedules are part of this document & thisCertificate is valid only when they are attached to it .
………….. Schedules ofInspections & ………… Schedules of Test Results are attached.

 

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Allinformation given by myself on these forums is used at entirely your own riskand is not necessarily the view of www.electriciansforums.net.

Justfor reading “ purposes “

ExtractFans in Bathrooms & Shower rooms .

- Ameans of Isolation to enable the fan to be separated from the source of energybefore gaining access to Live parts .
Themeans of Isolation would be provided by the device at the Origin of the Circuit. MCB – BS- EN 60947-3 Fan Isolatormounted adjacent to the fan

BS-EN 60947-3 . applies to switches . disconnections. switch- disconnections . & fuse-combination units to be used in distribution circuit & motor circuits of which the rated voltage does notexceed 1000V . a.c. or 1500 d.c.

-A means of switching off the fan for the purposes of Mechanical maintenance .cleaning .

BS-EN 60947-3 . fan Isolator mounted adjacent to the fan would fulfil therequirement for switching off for Mechanicalmaintenance . Regulation – 537.3.2.4. .requires the open position of the contacts of such a switch to be clearlyindicated .

-A functional switch to enable the fan to be switched “ On “ & “ OFF “ this functionalswitch may not be required where a . humidistat is used as a means of control .

Any suitable switch in table 53.2. of BS-7671:2011 would fulfil the requirements forthe functional switching . for such rooms without a window the fan is usuallyconnected to the light switch . Or a separate switch provided for rooms with awidow .

□ ExtractFans with a “ Run-on “ timer & / or humidistat .

BS-EN 60947-3 . fan Isolator .
Mountedadjacent to the fan would provide the appropriate means of switching “ OFF “ for Mechanical maintenance . Where theisolator switches both the switch wire & permanent Line conductor this would also provide a meansof [ Local Isolation ] where access to Live parts is required . the isolator should be located adjacent to the fan out with .Zones 0. 1.& 2 in accordance with Section 701of BS-7671:2011

Note; Such isolators also permit the Neutral conductor to be isolated .

□ ExtractFans without a “Run-on “ timer & / or humidistat .

Fanswhich are simply controlled by afunctional switch we would also recommend a BS- EN 60947-3 . fan isolator mounted adjacent to the fan as above. to provide the appropriate means of switching “ OFF “ for Mechanicalmaintenance . & local isolation . this is particularly important ifthe functional switch is mounted outside the room . consequently out with thecontrol of the person working on the fan .

ElectricalFixtures . Building Standards . requires that these fixtures can be Operated Safety .

P/286: BS-EN 60947-3 . – 533.1. 2011 .

 

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Methodsof determining ( Ze )

Threemethods : Calculation . Enquiry . Measurement . must be used todetermine ( Ze )

Thedeclared maximum values of ( Ze ) & ( PSCC ) at the Origin .
230VSingle-phase & 230 / 400V Three-phase .

Characteristic: External Earth Fault Loop Impedance . ( Ze )
TN-S- 0.80Ω .
TN-C-S– PME . 0.35Ω .
TT- 21Ω .
Prospective Short Circuit Current ( Isc ) at theOrigin . [ Single-phase supply - 16.000A ] ……….. ( Isc ) meaning . p/38. A .
Prospective Short Circuit Current ( Isc ) at theOrigin . [ Three-phase supply - 25.000A ]

Themaximum values of ( Ze ) & (Isc ) declared by an electricity distributor are based on opposite suppositionsconcerning the impedance of the supplyto an installation . & cannot therefore be expected to occur at the sametime .
Inparticular . the maximum values of ( Ze) are based on the supply of higherimpedance – such as one employing long runs of low voltage cable & a distributiontransformer of lower ( kVA rating ) & the maximum values of ( Isc ) are based on the supply of lower impedance –such as one employing short runs of low voltage cable & a distribution transformerof higher ( kVA rating )

Thedeclared maximum values of ( Ze ) & (Isc ) can . in this case of a . TN-C-S system . be used to estimate the maximum value of ( Ze ) liable to occur in normal circumstances .& hence to determine the range of the possible values of ( Ze )

Example. Consider a Single-phase supply of nominal voltage . 230V . to aninstallation forming part of a TN-C-S system . where the electricity distributor declares a maximum values of ( Ze ) as 0.35Ω & (Isc ) as 16.000A . By Ohms law . it can estimated that .
When ( Isc ) is at is maximum value of 16.000A . ( Ze ) willbe at its minimum value of . 0.014Ω - givenby 230V ÷ 16.000A . therefore . in this case . the normal range of valuesof ( Ze ) should be taken as [ 0.014Ω to 0.35Ω ] in the absence of better information .

Themethod of estimating the minimum value of ( Ze ) given in the Example .strictly applies only to a TN-C-S system . Although it can generally be usedwith reasonable accuracy for a TN-S system also .

Note: Calculator - 230V ÷ 16000 = 0.014 )

The reason why the method referred to inthis Example strictly applies only to a TN-C-S system . is that it uses the maximum [ prospective short – circuit current ] at the Origin .
Onthe assumption that this is equal to the maximum [ prospective earth – fault current ] at the Origin .
- upon which the minimum value of ( Ze ) really depends . Only for a TN-C-S system is the assumptionfully justified . this is because the short – circuit & earth – fault currents in such a system share a common path in the distribution network . due tothere being a combined protective & neutral ( PEN ) conductorin the network . the assumption is only approximately true for a TN-S system . which uses separate protective & neutral conductors throughout .

Enquiry. like calculation . does not verifythat the intended means of earthling is present or that the value of ( Ze ) iswithin the expected normal range therefore . confirmation of theserequirements by measurement is still required before the installation isEnergized .

 

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Sinks .Domestic : Domestickitchens, bedrooms and cloakrooms (unlike bathrooms and shower rooms) are notincluded amongst the special installations or locations in Part 7 of BS 7671 and are not rooms where the resistance of thebody is likely to be significantly reduced. Therefore, normal precautionsagainst electric shock should be adequate and the general rules of BS 7671 are applicable. However,whilst BS 7671:2011 does not forbid the installation of asocket-outlet or other accessory close to a sink in a domestic kitchen, bedroomor cloakroom, the requirements of Regulation 512.2.1 have to be taken into account. Therequirements of Regulation 512.2.1 mean that ordinary BS 1363socket-outlets and similar accessories are not suitable to be installed soclose to sinks or draining boards that they are likely to be splashed withwater or operated with wet hands. Thepenetration of water into an accessory could have serious effects. Waterentering the terminals and mechanism may lead to corrosion, internal arcing,general degradation and eventually malfunction. Additionally, and moreseriously, water may provide a track for the line voltage to be transmitted tothe front cover of the accessory, giving rise to the risk of electric shock.
512.2.1. ‘Equipment shall be of a design appropriate tothe situation in which it is to be used or its mode of installation shall takeaccount of the conditions likely to be encountered.’
A rule of thumb recommendation for domestic premises, to avoid theeffects of splashing, is that ordinary BS 1363socket-outlets and similar accessories should ideally be mounted not less thanabout 300 mm (ideally not less than about 1000 mm), in the horizontal plane,from the extremity of a sink top or wash basin.

 

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“ Definitions“

A “ wiring system “ & “ Conduit “ are defined in part 2 – 2011 .

Wiringsystem “ p/36.
Anassembly made up of cables or busbars . & parts which secure & . if necessary. enclose the cable or busbars .

Conduit“ p/25 .
Apart of a closed wiring system for cables . in electrical installations . allowing them to be drawn in & / orreplaced . but not inserted laterally .

Steelconduit forms part of a wiring system .

- PEN conductors :

Steelconduit must not be used as a combined protective & neutral ( PEN ) conductor . Regulation 543.2.10 .States .
543.2.10 . – A separate metalenclosure for cable shall not be used asa PEN conductor .

Restrictionson Use .
BS-7671:2011. places restrictions on the use ofSteel Conduit .

LiftShafts .
No cable or conduit is to be run in a lift ( orhoist ) shaft unless it forms part of the lift installationas defined in BS- EN 81-1 – Regulation 528.3.5. refers .
Apermitted exception is equipment relating to the lift installation . such aswell lighting . which commonly utilises conduit.

 

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EarthFault Loop Impedance :

A limiting value of earth fault loop impedance . isspecified in the ( ADS ) requirements for TT system under two circumstances.

Wherean RCD . is used for fault protection .
Wherean Overcurrent device . is used for fault protection .

ProtectiveMeasure ( ADS ) for a TT system.
Asfor other types of electrical system . the magnitude & duration of voltagesbetween “ simultaneously accessible “ Exposed-conductive-parts . & Extraneous--conductive-parts . occurring anywherein a installation during an Earth Fault . ADS , achieves this coordinating thecharacteristics of the protective device for automatic disconnection . the earthing arrangements for the installation& the relevant impedance of the circuit concerned .

BS-7671:2011 . States three fundamental requirements for “ Fault Protective “ by ADS in a TT system .
- Protectiveearthing - Regulation / 411.3.1.1.
- Protective equipotential bonding . - Regulation / 411.3.1.2.
- Automaticdisconnection in case of a Fault . - Regulation/ 411.3.2.

Protectivedevices :

Faultprotection . 411.5.2. requires on ormore of the following types of protective devices shall be used . the “ Former being preferred “
- RCD.
-Overcurrent protective device such as .Fuse or Circuit breaker .